1. Central Nervous system 1G.LUFUKUJA2/25/2016

2. Nervous system Divided –Central nervous system Brain & Spinal cord –Peripheral nervous system Cranial and Spinal nerves Autonomic nervous system 2G.LUFUKUJA2/25/2016

3. NEUROANATOMY 3 G.LUFUKUJA Spinal cord 2/25/2016

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8. Covered by three meninges namely Dura, Arachnoid and Pia matter 8 G.LUFUKUJA2/25/2016

9. Dorsal root ganglion (spinal ganglion) Denticulate ligament Ventral root Dorsal root 9 G.LUFUKUJA2/25/2016

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19. External part of the brain G.LUFUKUJA192/25/2016

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23. G.LUFUKUJA23 Test your self…… 2/25/2016

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26. G.LUFUKUJA26 Test your self…… 2/25/2016

27. G.LUFUKUJA27 Test your self…… 2/25/2016

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32. G.LUFUKUJA32 External organization of cerebellum 2/25/2016

33. G.LUFUKUJA33 homunculus 2/25/2016

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43. G.LUFUKUJA43 Stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), or brain attack, is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. They result in part of the brain not functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the bodyblood flowbrain cell deathinability to move Stroke 2/25/2016

44. Brodmann areas More than 100 years ago, Brodman parceled the surface of the cortex out into more than 50 areas, based on the distinctive cellular appearance and function of each His map, shown here, is used to this day in describing the functional organization of this region b’se many of the areas identified by Broadman correlate fairly well with various functional areas of the cortex 44G.LUFUKUJA2/25/2016

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48. The Frontal Lobe The frontal lobe contains areas that Brodmann identified as involved in cognitive functioning and in speech and language. Brodmann Area 4 corresponds to the precentral gyrus or primary motor area. Neurons here send descending axons to the spinal cord and brainstem; activity of these neurons results in movement on the opposite side of the body Brodmann Area 6 is the premotor or supplementary motor area. G.LUFUKUJA482/25/2016

49. The Frontal Lobe… Brodmann Area 8 is anterior of the premotor cortex. It facilitates eye movements and is involved in visual reflexes as well as pupil dilation and constriction. G.LUFUKUJA492/25/2016

50. The Frontal Lobe… Areas 44 and 45 are Broca's area. These are motor speech areas –Important on the left or dominant hemisphere in majority of individuals –Brings about formation of words by its connections with adjacent primary motor area; muscles of larynx, mouth, tongue, soft palate –Lesion of this area on left hemisphere Results in loss to produce speech (expressive aphasia) Patient retains ability to think words they wish to say, can write words and can understand their meaning when they see or hear them! G.LUFUKUJA502/25/2016

51. The Frontal Lobe… Brodmann Areas 9, 10, and 11 are anterior to area 8. They are involved in cognitive processes like reasoning and judgment which may be collectively called biological intelligence including executive function G.LUFUKUJA512/25/2016

52. Parietal Lobe The Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory gyrus) roughly coincides with Brodmann's areas 3, 1 and 2 - Primary sensory cortex. –Neurons here receive a direct input from ascending somatic sensory pathways from opposite side of the body These are somatosthetic areas, meaning that they are the primary sensory areas for touch and proprioception including kinesthesia G.LUFUKUJA522/25/2016

53. …Parietal Lobe Areas 5, 7, and 40 are found posterior to the primary sensory strip and are considered presensory association areas where somatosensory processing occurs. G.LUFUKUJA532/25/2016

54. …Parietal Lobe The angular gyrus is Brodman area 39 of the human brain is involved in a number of processes related to language and cognition. G.LUFUKUJA542/25/2016

55. Temporal Lobe Areas involved in the processing of auditory information and semantics as well as the appreciation of smell are found in the Temporal Lobe Area 41 is Heschl's gyrus, the primary auditory area. G.LUFUKUJA552/25/2016

56. …Temporal Lobe Area 42 immediately inferior to area 41 is the secondary auditory area also involved in the detection and recognition of speech. The processing done in this area of the cortex provides a more detailed analysis than that done in area 41. G.LUFUKUJA562/25/2016

57. …Temporal Lobe Areas 21 and 22 are the auditory association areas. Both areas are divided into two parts; one half of each area lies on either side of area 42. Collec tively they can be called Wernicke's auditory area. –Involved in language processing to enable particular sequences of sound to be identified and comprehended as meaningful words –Damage Wernicke's area leads to receptive or sensory aphasia which is primarily a difficulty in understanding language G.LUFUKUJA572/25/2016

58. …Temporal Lobe Area 37 is found on the posterior-inferior part of the temporal lobe. Lesions here can cause anomia (Inability to remember words/names) Anomia is usually caused by brain trauma, such as an accident, stroke, or tumor. Dysnomia refers to a less severe form of this word-recall dysfunctionDysnomia G.LUFUKUJA582/25/2016

59. Occipital Lobe The Occipital Lobe contains areas that process visual stimuli (visual cortex). Area 17 is the primary visual area. Areas 18 and 19 are the secondary visual (association) areas where visual processing occurs. G.LUFUKUJA592/25/2016

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