1. Insolation and the Earth’s Surface

2. Insolation- The portion of the Sun’s radiation that reaches the Earth INcoming SOLar RadiATION Angle of insolation (incidence)- Angle at which insolation strikes the Earth’s surface The intensity of insolation (how strong) increases as the angle of Sun approaches 90 o Where the Sun’s rays are vertical ( 90 o ), the maximum amount of solar energy is received

3. As angle of insolation increases the intensity of the sunlight increases

4. Angle of Insolation n http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/pa ge/download.php?fileinfo=c29sYXJBbm dsZS5zd2Y6Ojovd3d3L3NjaG9vbHMvc 2MvcmVtb3RlL2ltYWdlcy9kb2NtZ3IvND UwZmlsZTI3OTguc3dm http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/pa ge/download.php?fileinfo=c29sYXJBbm dsZS5zd2Y6Ojovd3d3L3NjaG9vbHMvc 2MvcmVtb3RlL2ltYWdlcy9kb2NtZ3IvND UwZmlsZTI3OTguc3dm

5. Seasons - Maximum insolation for New York occurs on June 21. Angle of insolation varies with:

7. Seasons Interactive http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/page/download.ph p?fileinfo=c2Vhc29ucy5zd2Y6Ojovd3d3L3NjaG9vbH Mvc2MvcmVtb3RlL2ltYWdlcy9kb2NtZ3IvNDUwZmls ZTI3OTkuc3dm

8. Seasons - Maximum insolation for New York occurs on June 21. Angle of insolation varies with:

9. 1.Water - better reflector Land - better absorber and radiator 2. Water - higher specific heat than land (needs more energy to raise it’s temperature) 3. Water - highly transparent: insolation is absorbed at a greater depth. Absorption of insolation varies due to:

10. Absorption of insolation (cont): 4. Convection can occur in water distributing the energy 5. Ice and snow reflect almost all insolation 6. Melting of snow and evaporation of water transform insolation into potential energy (keeps temperatures lower) 7.Energy used for Transpiration – process by which plants release H 2 O vapor into atmosphere

11. Rates of Temperature Change n http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/pa ge/download.php?fileinfo=Y2Fucy5zd2 Y6Ojovd3d3L3NjaG9vbHMvc2MvcmVtb 3RlL2ltYWdlcy9kb2NtZ3IvMzMzZmlsZT Y3NC5zd2Y= http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/pa ge/download.php?fileinfo=Y2Fucy5zd2 Y6Ojovd3d3L3NjaG9vbHMvc2MvcmVtb 3RlL2ltYWdlcy9kb2NtZ3IvMzMzZmlsZT Y3NC5zd2Y=

12. EARTH’S SHAPE- The sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface as parallel rays. The Earth nearly spherical causing insolation to be spread out over larger area of Earth’s surface

13. LATITUDE- As degree latitude increases insolation decreases The lower the latitude the higher the angle 90 o N 90 o S 0o0o 23.5 o N 23.5 o S

15. Altitude of Sun vs. Latitude http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/page/dow nload.php?fileinfo=c3VuQWx0LnN3Zjo6Oi93d 3cvc2Nob29scy9zYy9yZW1vdGUvaW1hZ2Vz L2RvY21nci80NTFmaWxlMzYyMi5zd2Y=

16. TIME OF DAY- maximum insolation at solar noon (sun is at it’s highest point - usually around 12:00 p.m.)

17. Daily Temperature Lag- The time of the highest temperature lags behind the time when the most intense insolation is occuring.

18. Annual Temperature lag- -the average warmest day of the summer occurs in late July, around a month after the longest day of the year.

19. Maximum duration in NY (15 hours) on summer solstice. Average duration (12 hours) on equinoxes. Least duration in NY (9 hours) on winter solstice. Duration of insolation – how many hours of daylight - Affected by Latitude and Season

20. Daylight Hours Explorer http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/pag e/download.php?fileinfo=ZGF5bGlnaHR ob3Vyc2V4cGxvcmVyLnN3Zjo6Oi93d3 cvc2Nob29scy9zYy9yZW1vdGUvaW1h Z2VzL2RvY21nci80NDRmaWxlNzg0NC 5zd2Y=