1. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today CHAPTER The Nervous System and Related Care 25

2. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Nervous system controls and organizes all body activity (voluntary/involuntary). –Central nervous system (CNS)  Brain  Spinal cord –Peripheral nervous system (PNS)  Nerves

3. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Nervous system has large vascular supply. –Blood vessels supply brain with oxygen, nutrients, removal of waste. –Nerve tissue made of cells called neurons.

4. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Figure 25-1 The nervous system and a motor neuron.

5. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Synapse: –Sensory neuron connects with another neuron. Impulses travel from receptor-end organs through neurons to brain. Body responds to stimulus; impulses travel from brain through neurons to receiving tissues.

6. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Figure 25-2 A synapse.

7. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Myelin sheath: –Protective covering around most nerves. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA): –Stroke. Cerebral spinal fluid: –Circulates around and within brain and spinal cord.

8. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Brain coordinates and controls all functions of central nervous system.  Cerebrum  Cerebellum  Midbrain  Pons  Medulla

9. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Figure 25-3 The brain.

10. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Cerebrum: –Learning, memory, associations stored. Cerebellum: –Coordinates voluntary motion.

11. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Midbrain, pons, medulla: –Pathways which nervous impulses reach brain from spinal cord. Hypothalamus: –Control of pituitary gland.

12. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Spinal cord: –Long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and cells; extend from brain.  Brain and spinal cord make up CNS.  Connects large part of PNS to brain.  Acts as coordinating center responsible for some simple reflexes.  Main pathway for communication.

13. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Spine sections –Cervical (C) –Thoracic (T) –Lumbar (L) –Sacral (S)

14. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French The Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system: –Part of PNS that carries messages and functions without conscious thought (involuntary).  Sympathetic: –Body’s response to stress.  Parasympathetic: –Body returns to normal functioning.

15. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French The Sense Organs Sense organs –Eyes –Ears –Nose –Tongue –Skin

16. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Figure 25-5 The eye.

17. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Figure 25-6 The outer, middle, and inner ear.

18. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Figure 25-7 The skin responds to heat, cold and touch, pressure, and pain.

19. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Care of the Artificial Eye/ Care of Eyeglasses Cleaning eye: –Daily personal hygiene. Proper care helps prevent infection and encrustation. –See Procedure 25-1: Caring for an Artificial Eye Keep eyeglasses clean and scratch free. –See Procedure 25-2: Caring for Eyeglasses

20. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Hearing Aids Parts of hearing aid –Microphone –Amplifier –Earmold –Cord –Volume control See Guidelines: Caring for and Storing the Hearing Aid

21. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French The Nervous System and the Normal Aging Process Weight and size of brain decreases. Nerve impulses slower. Vertebra becomes thin and brittle (osteoporosis). Intervertebral disks can degenerate. Vision decreases. Hearing may diminish. Taste decreases.

22. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Common Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Bell’s palsy Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Aphasia Brain tumor Epilepsy

23. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Common Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Parkinson’s disease Dementia Multiple sclerosis Shingles (Herpes zoster)

24. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Common Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Hemiplegia Paraplegia Quadriplegia Detached retina Cataracts

25. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Common Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Glaucoma Otitis media Ménière’s disease Alzheimer’s disease

26. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Common Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Spinal cord disorders –Trauma –Injuries –Infections –Blocked blood supply –Compression by fractured bone –Disk disease –Tumor

27. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Care of the Seizure Patient Seizure: –Episode that includes altered-consciousness, motor activity, sensory phenomena, and/or convulsions.  Partial  Generalized  Unclassified epileptic

28. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Guidelines When Caring for a Patient Having a Seizure Prevent patient from being injured. Help patient lie down. Loosen patient’s clothing. Place pillow under patient’s head. Turn patient’s head to side. Never place anything in mouth or try to move or restrain patient. Stay with patient.

29. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French The Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) Patient Occurs when blocked artery interrupts blood supply to part of brain. Causes include: –Plaque –Rupture –Embolus –Thrombus

30. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French The Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) Patient Results depend on: –Where blocked vessel located in brain’s vascular flow. –Amount or extent of damage. See Guidelines: Caring for a Cerebrovascular Accident Patient

31. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French The Psychological Aspects of Caring for a CVA Patient CVAs change person’s life: –Lost functions of paralyzed limbs –Ability to communicate –Independence –Control over his/her life –Hopes and dreams for the future Experience denial, anger, fear, frustration, depression, withdrawal, and/or acceptance.

32. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Patients with Aphasia/ Transient Ischemic Attacks Aphasia: –Loss of language; three types:  Receptive: –Words to not be understood.  Expressive: –Can’t form or express words.  Global: –Difficulty in all areas of speech.

33. Pearson's Nursing Assistant Today Francie Wolgin Kate Smith Julie French Patients with Aphasia/ Transient Ischemic Attacks Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or ministrokes) occur when partial blockage of blood vessel sends blood to part of brain.