1. Procedures Used in Collecting Data 1. Verbal Description used in the study of settings, procedures, and behaviors depends on observation and is a written or spoken depiction of what is observed primary method used to obtain data in ethnographic research, and is frequently used in historical and descriptive research. used when information cannot be measured but only observed and described

2. 2. Notation refers to making tally marks or brief written notes about people, objects, or other data sources tied to observation  Data must be ultimately organized so they relate to the research questions or hypotheses.  Record the data in the sequence they are observed or slot data into categories that correspond to elements receiving special attention in the research.

3. 3. Recording capturing scenes and interactions by mans of a camera or audio- or videotape recorders must be converted to words, scores, or tally marks before they can be analyzed properly 4. Analysis involves breaking down data into constituent parts in order to determine their composition, how they are organized, and how they function useful in obtaining data about objects, relics (objects recovered from prior times), documents, and procedures

4.  involves careful scrutiny to discover traits, procedures, meanings and relationships.  used to analyze a book, an article, or an individual’s behavior as part of data gathering.  analysis guide is used, a tool which should stipulate what is being sought and might include criteria and examples for determining the presence and quality of the desired element.  data should be put into formats that parallel the structure of the analysis guide.

5. uses both surveys and personal interviews, which can be carried out through correspondence, phone contact, or personal contact 5. Questioning asking questions directly of participants or informants in a carefully planned manner Cross-sectional survey collects data across different segments of the population at a particular time. shows the status of those segments but cannot clearly depict changes that might be occurring.

6. used to obtain data by checking performance or status against an established scale. 7. Measurement calls on participants to perform cognitive and/or psychomotor tasks 6. Testing Longitudinal survey The researcher obtains data from the same or similar samples over time. can reveal changes in opinion or status