1. Art, Literature, & Reform Between 1830 -1860 American art flourished Prior to this period American artists looked to Europe for inspiration 1830s artists discover American landscape During the age of Manifest Destiny tensions between the wilderness & civilization inspire a generation of artists and writers

3. Hudson River School of Art

4. Thomas Cole & Asher Durand most well known Hudson River School Artists Asher Durand Kindred Spirits

5. James John Audubon, Great Blue Heron 1821

6. George Catlin, Buffalo Chase 1832

7. George Catlin, Buffalo Herds Crossing Upper Missouri 1832

8. George Catlin, Sioux Encampment on Upper Missouri Dressing, Buffalo Meat and Robes 1832

9. Albert Bierstadt, Looking Down Yosemite

10. Winslow Homer, Rainy Day in Camp 1862

11. John Gast, American Progress 1872

12. Transcendentalist Believed: Humans could improve their world by establishing a closer spiritual tie with nature Nature held the higher laws of the universe and ultimate reality

13. Ralph Waldo Emerson Believed: Human spirit was reflected in nature The accumulation of material wealth secondary to nature & higher laws of God

14. Henry David Thoreau Walden Civil Disobedience

15. James Fenimore Cooper- Leather Stocking Tales Depicts resourceful frontier hero Natty Bumpo. He lacked manors and refinement for the East, but had the survival skills needed for the West.

16. Washington Irving- Local Tales, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, & Rip Van Winkle Contrasted the change in America from our rural past to a nation of modern cities.

17. Nathaniel Hawthorne- Scarlet Letter & House of the Seven Gables Work reflected Puritan influence and criticized excessive Individualism.

18. Herman Melville- Moby Dick Portrayed the limits of mans’ power and technology in the face of Nature

19. Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass Celebrated the common people. First poet of American democracy.