1. Quiz #8 Given: on a trek in the desert, you come across a population of prairie dogs. You notice that some prairie dogs are pink while others are orange. You hypothesize that pink is dominant. 1. List the genotypes and phenotypes that are possible under the PINK IS DOMINANT hypothesis. (3) 2. To determine if your hypothesis is correct, what should you do first? (3) 3. List the possible outcomes of step#1. Which outcome is helpful to determine dominance? (2) 4. If you are unlucky and get an outcome that was not helpful, what should you do next and WHY? (2)

2. Lab #9 - Sex-linkage and Pedigrees!

3. Goals! Understand what is meant by sex linked genes Understand why red/green colorblindness is more common in males Learn the usefulness of pedigrees!

4. Sex chromosomes What are they? Is the short end the short end of the stick?

5. Blinding you with science Autosome: one of the chromosomes that is not an X or a Y Sex chromosome X or Y (named b/c of where each is joined together during meiosis) Symbolism--normally, we don’t care what chromosome a given allele is on; in sex, it matters On the X, we designate thusly: X A, X a On the Y, generally designate: Y How come no A or a? Terminology: X A Y is hemizygous--neither homo no hetero, but half

6. Sexing you up Consider two alleles, A and a How many genotypes are there for females? males? How many possible crosses are there (by genotype)? Each group Punnett one up recall, X A, X a, Y Also consider the case of the corresponding non-sex- linked cross What is the equivalent of Y in a ‘regular’ (autosomal) trait?

7. Can’t tell red from green?

8. Human Eye

9. Rods and cones

10. A lil deeper...

11. What our rods and cones “see”

12. Thinking it through Shown are the only the positions with a different amino acid between red and green opsins How similar do you think their DNA sequences are? Remind me--what happens in meiosis when the maternal and paternal chromosomes pair? Think anything might ever go wrong?

13. Launch Opsinze You’re starting with a ‘red-tuned’ opsin (559nm) Your target: as close to a ‘green-tuned’ as possible (531nm) Your tool: mutating codon sequences From each menu, you can mutate the codon. Identify the AA the codons code for. You’ll be shown current and new amino acids. After choosing an AA, new absorbance will be displayed.

14. Male colorblindness Why are men disproportionally affected by red-green colorblindness?

15. Short end of the stick

16. Now - turn on your hotplates!

17. Family secrets Knowing your parents by knowing yourself

18. PTC and parentage WASH HANDS Who can taste this? Separate into haves, have-nots Each: if trait is dominant, what can you deduce about your parents? If trait is recessive?

19. 19 Boys & Girls

20. Chalking up a family Pair up, decide who’s the adult consenting male & who the similarly conscientious female You’re both heterozygotes (recall: ‘different-pairing’) Make the babies--hold an allele in each hand, partner picks How to determine the sex of the baby?

21. HOMEWORK!!!!Pedid ucer Deductions from Pedigrees

22. A couple rules Filled in = they have the genetic disease! Outsiders = ALWAYS homozygous normal Can’t tell if hetero or homo dominant? Use “at least one” dominant option, and use rational “own phenotype”

23. Two phases Phase I: Assign genotypes; justify Phase II: Rule model ‘viable’ or ‘out’ How many contradictions does it take to rule out a model? How many non-contradictions required to justify ‘viable as far as I can tell?’ “No amount of experimentation can prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong. —Albert Einstein

24. Out with the old, in with the new Say hello to my li’l assay

25. Two “Tests” Benedict’s Test - turns RED when SUGARS are present Barium hydroxide - WHITE precipitate forms in the presence of carbon dioxide

26. Do it! Appendix C--the supplies are on your benches Do the Benedict’s test on C-1 (substituting 0.1% glucose for the 1% starch indicated) Do the CO2 test on C-2 Check the “Clean-up” tab on website!

27. Homework Pediducer