1. Vertebrates 14-1: Chordates 14-2: Fish 14-3: Amphibians 14-4: Reptiles 15-1: Birds 15-2: Mammals

2. 14-1: Chordates animals with these characteristics oNotochord ● firm but flexible tube that extends along upper part of body o Postanal tail o Nerve cord o Pharyngeal pouches NotochordNerve Cord

3. chordates include vertebrates ohave all the chordate characteristics oalso have: ● Endoskeleton – internal skeleton – made of bone & cartilage ● Backbone – made of vertebrae – replaces notochord – protects spinal nerve cord ● Skull – protects brain Vertebrae

4. Vertebrates grouped based on body temperature regulation oEctotherms ● body temperature changes with surroundings ● “cold-blooded” oEndotherms ● regulate their own body temperature; stays constant ● “warm-blooded”

5. 5 groups of vertebrates oFish oAmphibians oReptiles oBirds oMammals

6. 14-2: Fish Ectotherms Tail Fins ofan-like structures attached to the endoskeleton Scales ohard, thin plates that cover the skin

7. well-developed sensory system oEx. sharks & smell exchange CO 2 and oxygen through adaptations for obtaining food oteeth, beaks, electric shock, filter feeding reproduce sexually osome internal, some external fertilization gills

8. Different groups of fish oJawless fish oCartilaginous fish oBony fish

9. Jawless Fish ono jaw bones, cartilage endoskeleton oround, toothed mouths olong, tube-like bodies ono scales, slimy skin oHagfish, Lampreys

10. Cartilaginous Fish ocartilage endoskeleton ojaw bones with well-developed teeth otiny scales, sand-papery skin oSharks, Skates, Rays

11. Bony fish olargest group obone endoskeleton oswim bladder o3 groups ● Lobe-finned ● Lungfish ● Ray-finned

12. 14-3: Amphibians means “ double life ” ectotherms hibernation oduring cold weather estivation oduring hot weather

13. moist, smooth skin no scales breathe through skin or saclike lungs

14. Amphibian reproduction osexual oexternal fertilization ● female lays eggs, male releases sperm over eggs oeggs don’t have a protective shell—require water

15. Metamorphosis ochanges in body form otadpoleadult ooccurs in all amphibians

17. Groups of Amphibians Frogs & Toads ofour legs ono neck or tail otongue attached to front of mouth

18. Groups of Amphibians Salamanders & Newts olong, slender bodies otails

19. 14-4: Reptiles ectotherms thick, dry waterproof skin scales breathe with lungs --protection and water loss

20. Reproduction ointernal fertilization ● male fertilizes female ● female lays eggs oamniotic eggs ● covered with shell & contain everything needed for development

21. Groups of Reptiles Lizards & Snakes ounhinging jaws olizards have moveable eyelids & legs with clawed toes

22. Groups of Reptiles Turtles otwo-part shell ono teeth

23. Groups of Reptiles Crocodilians olizard-like in shape olarge scales on backs ocare for young