1. Development models

2. Linear model 1950’s, 1960’s- country’s development was seen in terms of its economic growth i.e.: GNP OR GDP If economic growth, then more money invested in development, then standard of living would rise Result: rich countries invested money in poorer nations World Bank, IMF established to lend money to poorer countries

3. Problem with this model? Belief that all countries developed in the same manner, so if poorer, then just “behind” richer ones

4. Capitalist/ Socialist Industrial Model Southern countries had little or no access to land, wealth or power Split between poor or wealthy citizens accentuated by new money poured into hands of the elite This in turn led to rebellions and uprisings of people in poorer circumstances

5. Capitalist/Socialist model-cont’d Often had bureaucracies that were too wealthy and infringed on the rights of the “common” person

6. Additional problems Many large-scale development projects led to ecological or environmental problems (Aswan Dam in Egypt) Equipment and technology often inappropriate to citizens –no training on operation or maintenance, no resources for upkeep, etc. Poor infrastructure (roads or bridges)

7. Additional problems- cont Non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) usually better equipped to help with smaller scale projects Sometimes historically, projects were developed without consideration of cultural differences (Ghana water pumps) Later, more consultation was made with local people so improved ideas