1. Acute Medicine M5 Seminar (Hypoglycaemia) Yeo Xinying 19 Jan 2005

2. History 75 yr old female 75 yr old female Drowsiness for 1/7 Drowsiness for 1/7 Fever and vomiting for 2/7 Fever and vomiting for 2/7 Type 2 DM,20 yrs on glibenclamide 5 mg om Type 2 DM,20 yrs on glibenclamide 5 mg om

3. Examination Drowsy Drowsy Dehydrated Dehydrated BP 100/60 mmHg BP 100/60 mmHg PR 100/min PR 100/min No other abnormal physical signs No other abnormal physical signs

4. Investigations 1)RP#2 - 1)RP#2 - Urea 22.4 mmol/L (2.5-7.5) Sodium 130mmol/L (135-150) Potassium 4.7 mmol/L (3.5-5) Chloride 100mmol/L (98-107) Carbon dioxide 13mmol/L (22-31) Creatinine 420umol/L (65-125) Glucose 1.7mmol/L (4-7.8)

5. . 2) FBC – Hb 10.9 (11-16.5) TW 21 *10^9 (4-11*) TW 21 *10^9 (4-11*) Plt 110 * 10^9 (150-400*) Plt 110 * 10^9 (150-400*) 3)Urine microscopy- WBC >100/HPF( 100/HPF(<10) RBC 2 (<2) RBC 2 (<2)

6. Questions 1) What are the abnormal biochemistry? 2) What are the causes for her drowsiness? 3) How would you manage this patient?

7. 1)What are the abnormal biochemistry? 1) Raised urea- 22.4 mmol/L (2.5-7.5) 2) Raised Creatinine- 420umol/L (65-125) 3) Hyponatraemia- 130mmol/L (135-150) 4) Low CO2- 13mmol/L (22-31) 5) Hypoglycaemia- 1.7mmol ( biochemically low venous/plasma glucose of <2.8mmol/L) Raised TW- 21 (4-11 *10 ^9) Raised TW- 21 (4-11 *10 ^9) Raised WBC in urine microscopy- >100/HPF( 100/HPF( <10)

8. 2)What are the causes for her drowsiness? Metabolic disorder Metabolic disorder - Hypoglycaemia - Hypoglycaemia - Hyponatraemia - Hyponatraemia - Dehydration - Dehydration Infection Infection - septicaemia - septicaemia - Urinary tract infection - Urinary tract infection - Gastroenteritis - Gastroenteritis

9. Drugs Drugs - Glibenclamide - Glibenclamide Systemic disorders Systemic disorders - Renal disease - Renal disease - Myocardial infarction - Myocardial infarction - Stroke - Stroke

10. Diagnosis Likely to be hypoglycaemia induced by missed meals or anorexia due to underlying sepsis (UTI) and associated with overdosage of glibenclamide. Likely to be hypoglycaemia induced by missed meals or anorexia due to underlying sepsis (UTI) and associated with overdosage of glibenclamide.

11. 3)How would you manage this patient? 1)(a) IV Dextrose 50% 40-50 ml stat followed by saline flush (b) Infusion of IV D5% or D10% (b) Infusion of IV D5% or D10% (c) Once alert and can swallow safely, feed with enteral feeds eg. Ensure or Nepro and commence normal diet. (c) Once alert and can swallow safely, feed with enteral feeds eg. Ensure or Nepro and commence normal diet. (d) Prolonged hypoglycaemia-multiple doses of IV D50% (d) Prolonged hypoglycaemia-multiple doses of IV D50% Drowsy-NG tube feeding Drowsy-NG tube feeding (e) IM glucagon 1mg not suitable for hypoglycaemia induced by glibenclamide or in liver failure. (e) IM glucagon 1mg not suitable for hypoglycaemia induced by glibenclamide or in liver failure.

12. 2)(a) Recheck capillary BSL 15 mins after initial treatment, then hourly until 2 consecutive BSLs are >10mmol/L. IV Dextrose infusions can then be adjusted downwards stepwise( concentration/rate ), then stopped. IV Dextrose infusions can then be adjusted downwards stepwise( concentration/rate ), then stopped. (b) Recheck BSL 1 hour after each adjustment. (b) Recheck BSL 1 hour after each adjustment. When patient is stable, monitoring can be 2- 4 hourly. When patient is stable, monitoring can be 2- 4 hourly. (c) Keep BSLs between 8-12 mmol/L (c) Keep BSLs between 8-12 mmol/L (d) Glibenclamide associated hypoglycaemia (d) Glibenclamide associated hypoglycaemia -prolonged monitoring and treatment. -prolonged monitoring and treatment. - recurrence anticipated. - recurrence anticipated.

13. 3 ) - Septic work-up and treat underlying sepsis. - Give IV dexamethasone 4mg 4 hourly/mannitol/high-dose oxygen to combat cerebral edema and consider CT brain if altered conscious state persists after blood glucose level is returned to normal. - Give IV dexamethasone 4mg 4 hourly/mannitol/high-dose oxygen to combat cerebral edema and consider CT brain if altered conscious state persists after blood glucose level is returned to normal. - Following recovery, adjust therapy,educate patient,regular monitoring. - Following recovery, adjust therapy,educate patient,regular monitoring.