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EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL CHANGES Ch 24
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I. INTRODUCTION Population Changes Populations continued to grow but at a more stable rate Economic difficulties caused numerous Europeans to immigrate to the United States Predominantly those from rural regions Usually from Ireland or Southern Europe (mostly Mediterranean regions) Second Industrial Revolution Late 1800s Belgium, France and especially Germany caught up to Great Britain Germany eventually doubled steel production compared to Great Britain Major innovators Bessemer- better and more profitable steel production Daimler- first combustion engine on car Henry Ford- assembly line vehicles
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II. CHANGES TO THE MIDDLE CLASS Age of the Middle-Class Focus of consumer goods Helped boost economy through increased spending Price of food decreased More money for non-essentials Department stores, mail-order catalogs Urbanization increased access Increase of uniform sizes (off the rack) rather than tailored. Middle Class vacations Non-manual labor Professions Teachers (increased primary education), shopkeepers and librarians White-Collar Workers Secretaries, retail clerks, and lower level government officials/ bureaucrats
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III. URBAN REFORMS Redevelopment of Paris Napoleon III ordered Paris to be redesigned Political mostly (Put down rebellions and prevent barricades) George Haussmann in charge from 1853-1870 1889 Eiffel Tower Temporary for international trade expo Was to show how important iron and steel had become to the “modern France” The Development of Suburbs Result of railways/subways and improved roadways Easier to travel Removal of slums raised property values in cities Suburbs were more like townhomes in American cities Created separation from work and home
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III. URBAN REFORMS Sanitation Cholera One of the few diseases that struck individuals of most classes Believed to be caused by miasmas (pollution) Also originally blamed for chlamydia and the bubonic plague Bad smells were major sign of miasmas Caused by sewage running through cities and into drinking water Major cause for sanitation reforms
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III. URBAN REFORMS Sewers and Sewage Result of the Cholera outbreaks People started to realize that the “filth” or sewage was the cause Allowed sewage to be drained underground rather than through the streets Usually ran out into the rivers Included water pipelines that brought fresh water in Used concrete and granite Greatly improved sanitation Reduced mortality rates of citizens that lived in these cities
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III. URBAN REFORMS Housing Reforms Was a health and political effort Political- boosted morale of individuals Health- whole families shared single room apartments which shared a bathroom with a whole hall. Private companies started to build low cost/ low profit housing Or low interest loans on regular housing Purpose was to make it easier for the poor to own a house Government started to get involved through building of low cost housing and public housing projects
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IV. LATE 1800S WOMEN Probl ems for women Property Could not own property in most cases Great Britain- Married Women’s Property Act- allowed ownership of property Family Law Most cases, women were legal minors and subject to their husbands or fathers In case of divorce, a man had an easier time obtaining a divorce Man would usually gain custody of the children Education Women were predominantly limited to a basic education Women were first admitted to major universities between 1860-1880 Could not receive a degree until after WWI
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IV. LATE 1800S WOMEN Work Force Women were permitted to enter new careers such as secretarial and clerical Women tended to educated mostly young children Were expected to leave the workforce upon giving birth to her first child Younger women (late teens to mid twenties) who were on their own, tended to lean towards prostitution Mostly in port cities Became legalized and heavily regulated (for protection of clients) Domesticity Married women became less involved in finances and business dealing Chief goal was caring for house and children.
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IV. LATE 1800S WOMEN Feminism Sought equality between men and women Divided on desired levels of equality and extremism Suffrage Major goal of most feminist British Suffragist leaders Millicent Fawcett (1847-1929)- more political movement, utilized her husband’s political ties with Liberal Party Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) – radical feminist, would march on parliament, get arrested and go on hunger strikes
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V. COMMUNISM Karl Marx Declared Paris Commune a true proletariat uprising Criticized labor unions for “selling out” Short term benefit rather than long term Did influence a number of socialist movements in Great Britain, France and Germany
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V. COMMUNISM Russia Was behind in industry Improvements pushed by Alexander III and Nicholas II Movements led by finance minister Sergei Witte (1892-under Nicholas II) Improve railways- Trans-Siberian Railroad Protective tariffs High taxes Gold standard Improve heavy industry Industries built up by non-Russian investors Caused strife due to loss of profits Peasants started to become unhappy due to high prices and long hours Problems from abolition of serfdom still existed
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V. COMMUNISM Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870-1924) Criticized unions and spontaneous revolutions Favored professional revolutionaries Caused a split in the Russian Socialist Democratic Party Occurred at the 1903 London Congress of Russian Socialist Democratic Party Called themselves Bolsheviks (after his party gained majority) Political propaganda reasons Sought to unite proletariat and peasants
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V. COMMUNISM Bloody Sunday Workers marched on Winter Palace of Nicholas II Panicked and order his troops to open fire killing 100 Sparked the 1905 Revolution After defeat of the Russo-Japanese war Massive revolts Workers formed soviets (workers councils) Resulted in a new constitution but brutal suppressed rebellions Paved the way for the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 that created the Soviet Union Lenin’s failed health allowed Stalin to take over.
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VI. CONCLUSION Improvement in industry allowed for massive buildup of arms that led to WWI Revolutions in Russia paved the way for the Soviet Union and the later Cold War Brought about the involvement of the Space Marines in World Events
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