2. Where does our drinking water come from?

3. This means the water we drink has run through and across rocks.

4. This is a map of the rock formations in UK- what does this mean for our water?

5. Depending where you live you will get different chemicals in your tap water..

6. We call the two main water types: Hard water Soft water

7. You need to know: The difference between hard and soft water Which ions cause hard water How they get there The pros and cons of each water type Treatments for water hardness

8. There are 2 metal ions we need to focus on that make water HARD Calcium – Ca 2+ Magnesium – Mg 2+

9. REMEMBER While other metal ions can be in water, only Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ cause hardness.

10. How do Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ get into the water? You need to know the details for calcium This is a ‘limestone pavement’. Limestone is calcium carbonate- it does not dissolve in pure water, BUT it does dissolve in acid rain.

11. Acid rain on limestone causes the following reaction: CaCO 3 + H 2 CO 3 Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 Calcium carbonate Carbonic Acid (acid rain) Calcium Hydrogen carbonate

12. So now you have calcium ions (and HCO 3 - ions) in the water. Ca 2+

13. We say this water is HARD Ca 2+

14. These are crystals of Calcium sulphate Look at the tiny tiny man

15. Unlike calcium carbonate (limestone), Calcium sulphate in rocks (Gypsum) is very soluble.

16. Calcium sulphate readily dissolves and puts calcium ions (and sulphate ions) in the water.

17. We say this water is HARD Ca 2+

18. Which rocks have put the calcium in your water has important consequences: Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 Ca 2+ CaSO 4 Calcium Hydrogen carbonate from limestone Calcium Sulphate from gypsum

19. Both make hard water (ie water with Calcium/ Magnesium ions in it) but…. One is permanent hardness Ca 2+ One is temporary hardness Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 CaSO 4

20. Why do we care about water hardness? 3 problems : Ca 2+

21. 1) SCUM

22. Calcium and magnesium ions react with soap to make calcium and magnesium stearate – or scum. It looks horrible It’s really hard to get off

23. 2) SOAP Because the calcium and magnesium ions are reacting with the soap, the soap isn't doing its job ie it isn’t making bubbles.

25. Hard Soft

26. This matters in hard water areas because everyone ends up using significantly more soap.

27. Both permanent and temporary hardness causes those 2 problems: scum and poor bubbles.

28. This 3 rd problem is an issue for areas with temporary hardness, those with limestone rocks and calcium and hydrogen carbonate ions in the water.

29. 3) LIMESCALE

30. Whenever you want to heat up water which has temporary hardness, you get a problem. The hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO 3 - )from the limestone are soluble- you wont see them in the water BUT heat up these ions and they fall apart- making carbonate ions (CO 3 - ) These then join up with the calcium ions to make calcium carbonate- which is NOT soluble in water (remember it only dissolved in the first place due to acid rain). This calcium carbonate precipitates out, coating the insides of boilers, kettles, pipes

31. Can you think of any reasons why this, is a problem?

32. LIMESCALE It reduces the efficiency of any heating element, using more energy It can block pipes and damage equipment

33. Are there any positives? Living in a hard water area clearly causes issues Some people still prefer it- can you think of any reasons why?

34. Pros of hard water: Taste- some people prefer it

35. Pros of hard water: It’s good for your teeth and bones (Calcium ions)

36. Pros of hard water: Heart- it can protect against heart problems

37. If these positives of living with hard water are not enough to outweigh the negatives, what can you do?

38. Well yes you could move house What else?

39. THINK! What is water hardness? What would be the definition of removing water hardness?

40. To get rid of water hardness, you need to get rid of the dissolved calcium (and magnesium) ions.

41. We already know one way to get the calcium in temporary hard water to precipitate out- can you remember? Heat it The limescale that precipitates out takes the calcium ions with it- filter these off and the water it leaves behind is now soft Problem with this heating/filtering method? Far too expensive to heat all the water you need and filter it before using it Even if you could afford it, this won’t work with permanently hard water.

42. The key is to remember its only Calcium and Magnesium ions that are the issue. If you can swap those ions for something else, you have softened the water.

43. There are 2 practical ways to soften water- and they work with temporary or permanently hard water.

44. 1) Washing Soda This product is Sodium carbonate. It puts extra carbonate ions into the water They react with the calcium ions The calcium carbonate precipitates out The sodium ions are left in the water but these don't cause hardness, therefore that's no problem.

45. Which rocks have put the calcium in your water has important consequences: Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 Ca 2+ CaSO 4 Calcium Hydrogen carbonate from limestone Calcium Sulphate from gypsum

46. Both make hard water (ie water with Calcium/ Magnesium ions in it) but…. One is permanent hardness Ca 2+ One is temporary hardness Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 CaSO 4

47. Washing Soda This product is designed to reduce the soap you need Most modern washing powder has washing soda in it anyway

48. 2) Ion exchange column These columns work by swapping ions you don’t want (In this case calcium and magnesium) for ones you don't mind e.g. sodium.

49. 2) Ion exchange column The columns are filled with resin beads covered in the ions you want. As the water filters through the calcium and magnesium ions swap with the sodium and calcium and magnesium are left on the beads.

50. 2) Ion exchange column These columns need replenishing with more sodium ions after a while. This is easy to do with NaCl- eg adding salt to compartment in the dishwasher.

51. Where do the ions in our drinking water come from? Water runs over rocks and dissolves ions

52. Which 2 ions cause hard water? Calcium and Magnesium

53. Which rock gives you temporary hard water? Limestone

54. What is the chemical name for limestone? Calcium carbonate

55. Why does this normally insoluble chemical dissolve? Acid rain

56. If you have CO 3 2- ions and Calcium ions in the same water, what happens? They precipitate as CaCO 3

57. What problem arises in heating systems and temporary hard water? Limescale

58. Why do we care about limescale? Reduces efficiency/ blocks pipes

59. What rock gives you permanently hard water? Gypsum (ak.a. calcium Sulphate)

60. What effect does boiling have on permanently hard water? None

61. What do calcium and magnesium ions form with soap? Scum

62. What does this mean for the amount of soap needed? More soap for the same lather

63. What are the positives to hard water Taste/ bones and teeth/ heart

64. What can you add to washing water to soften it? Washing soda

65. How does it work? Adds carbonate ions, precipitates CaCO 3

66. What is a more sophisticated solution? Ion exchange columns

67. What do these columns swap with calcium / magnesium ions? Sodium ions