1. DO-NOW 1/15/16 Get out your notebooks, set up Cornell Notes Title the notes, “From One War to the Next: Effects of the first Indo-Pakistan war and the 2 nd Indo-Pakistan War”

2. FROM ONE WAR TO THE NEXT Effects of the 1 st Indo-Pakistan War and the 2 nd Indo-Pakistan War: The 1965 Kashmir War

3. EFFECTS OF THE 1 ST INDO-PAKISTAN WAR 1500 soldiers each Civilian Causalities in the 100,000s Kashmir formally a part of India Pakistani Army occupies portions of northern Kashmir “Free Kashmir”  not recognized Pakistan did not recognize Kashmir as part of India  border clashes

4. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF KASHMIR WAR Proxy War of the Cold War? India  Democracy Pakistan  Authoritarian General Ayub Khan Pakistan  Western Alliances India pursued Non-Alignment Conflicts between India and China USSR allied against China US supplied weapons = Containment policy Sino-Indian War1965  more help from USSR Pakistan wants China  Hard because US Both armies more effective

5. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF KASHMIR WAR Rann of Kutch (not in Kashmir) Dispute over resources  border clashes in 1965 Small military engagements Pakistani victory  British ceasefire Pakistan was feeling good Encouraged by Kashmiri people Time was ripe for aggressive move

6. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF KASHMIR WAR Pakistani “guerrilla” attacks August 1965 provoke general uprising 30,000 “guerrillas” = regular Pakistani troops Disguise discovered Regular armies engage in battle

7. PROGRESS OF KASHMIR WAR Engagements first within Kashmir Infantry, tanks and air power Cold War patrons – US and USSR India took fight to Pakistan Mid-Sept. stalemate  accept another UN ceasefire agreement USSR invited both to conference Jan. 1966  agreed to permanent ceasefire

8. EFFECTS OF KASHMIR WAR Pakistan lost 3800 soldiers India lost 2800 soldiers 13,000 civilians killed Pakistan found limits of US aid  suspended arms = Pakistan’s fault Pakistani Economy hurt  delayed progress India lost unconditional help from USSR USSR more balanced approach Continued to rely on Soviet arms  increasing army, improving capabilities