1. TNO Science & Industry GRPE – 1 st informal meeting EFV WG (Geneva, 6 June 2008) Possible approach to a concept for an Environmentally Friendly Vehicle (EFV) (Brainstorm) Gerben Passier (TNO) Working paper No. EFV-01-06 (GRPE Informal Group on EFV, 1st meeting, 6 June 2008)

2. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry2 Background Many approaches, ideas, technologies to solve Climate change Energy efficiency How can policy makers decide what to support? Problem: how to compare objectively impact on environment?

3. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry3 Objectives Review the feasibility of EFV concept: Globally harmonised method for evaluating environmentatlly friendliness of a vehicle Propose scope and parameters for EFV concept Proposal plan for literature study Focus on energy efficiency and CO 2 emissions based on well-to- wheel approach Feasibility question: aim also to set a standard and certify (like EEV for HD)?

4. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry4 Scope and parameters: Efficiënt, Clean, Smart Vehicle technology Alternative fuels ICT in mobility / behaviour PowertrainOther Advanced engines Transmission Hybride  electric Weight reduction Tyres Aerodynamics Air Conditioning Eco-Driving Travel information Environmental traffic management Biofuels 2 e gen. Gas Hydrogen 10~15% 10~20% 5~10% 5-10% 5~10% 10-20% Focus on Efficient vehicle technology

5. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry5 Scope and parameters Focus on passenger cars first? Pollutant emissions not considered (but minimum standard Euro6 or stricter)? Consider real world? Technology neutral (!)

6. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry6 Relation Energy efficiency and CO 2 Need to include both: EFV = EE + CO 2 Energy Efficiency CO 2 emissions high low PHEV? Electric? ICE (G & D) ? Hydrogen? Biofuels? Ideal?

7. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry7 For assessment of EFV (CO 2 & energy), the whole chain is important (Well-to-wheel analysis) Production fuel (WTT) and use in vehicle (TTW) now Development, production & disposal of the vehicle in the future EFV = WTT + TTW

8. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry8 Combine CO2 and Energy efficiency (1) EFV = EE (WTT) + EE (TTW) + CO2 (WTT) + CO2 (TTW) Fuel type Fuel production Powertrain efficiency Assume: Depend mainly on fuel type Little variation per fuel type ?? Difficult to compare vehicles with different type of fuel (eg electric with gasoline) Seperate : EE (TTW) car manufacturers & CO2 (WTT) fuel industry

9. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry9 Combine CO 2 and Energy efficiency (2) To weight importance of CO 2 versus Energy efficiency: Normalise! Standard based on: Average Minimum Best in class CO 2 [g/kWh] EE [%] EFV = (WTT) + (TTW) standard CO 2 [g/kWh] standard EE [%]

10. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry10 Seperate fuel & vehicle characteristics Further investigation of definitions is needed Importance of default values Vehicle (Energy efficiency) Fuel (carbon content) worse better worse Flexibility for choice of technology current H 2 ? Elec.? E85 E10 E0 EFV1EFV2 treshhold

11. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry11 Literature study (technology and regulations) State of the art of EFV technology Biofuels Plug-in hybrids Electric Hydrogen … Successful (worldwide) concept & regulation Euro norms PC CO 2 Frontrunner; EEV Procurement Fiscal measures

12. GRPE-EFV, June 6th 2008TNO Science & Industry12 Thank you !