1. Chapter 13 Society

2.  Upper class, Middle class, Lower class  Why did people move from the farms to the cities?  Cities offered factory work which was a guarantee of a paycheck  Factory work easier than farming  Factory work was NOT skilled labor so anyone could do it

3. -long hours -low pay -dangerous conditions -child labor -NO laws to regulate working conditions or protect workers

4.  Trade Unions  Strikes Even though the North did not allow slavery, racial prejudice and discrimination remained. However, there were a few success stories…

5.  Owned a furniture manufacturing company in Cincinnati, Ohio

6.  Founded Freedom’s Journal = 1 st African American Newspaper

7.  1 st African American licensed to practice law

8. Why did the Irish immigrants come? Irish Potato Famine (13.2 spotlight video)13.2 spotlight video Why did the German immigrants come? Failed Revolution

9.  Cities were where work was, so it was a natural place to go to  Cities sectioned into various “towns” based on ethnicity so that incoming immigrants had a familiar place to settle  Industry created cities, cities attracted immigrants, industry attracted immigrants because it was NOT skilled labor and they could be paid less than American citizen since they were willing to work for less  Culturally = brought individual language, customs, religions, and traditions from native countries

10.  See pg. 407 in text  True or False?  MOST African American slaves were abused.  TRUE  MOST White Southerners physically abused their slaves.  FALSE  White Southerners who owned slaves abused them either physically or mentally.  TRUE

11.  Plantation owners = richest and elite group of white southerners, owned the most slaves  Southern Farmers = owned a few slaves on usually only one piece of property  Yeomen = white southern farmers who did not have enslaved workers (largest group of southern whites)  Tenant farmers = rented or worked on landlord’s estate  Rural Poor = independent and self-sufficient not needing what rest of society offered  Some freed African Americans also owned slaves

12. -domestic work (clean house, cook, laundry, sewing, served meals) -trained as blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers, or weavers -tended livestock -MOST field hands: plant, tend and harvest

13.  Family Life  Not protected by any laws  Families easily and often broken up  Marriages not recognized by law, but still occurred  Large, close-knit families  African American Culture  By 1860, almost all enslaved people were born in the US  Still clung to African traditions and performed African music and dance  Traditional African folk stories  Some kept traditional religious beliefs and practices  African American Christianity  Religion of hope and resistance  African American religious folk song or Spirituals allowed slaves to communicate secretly with each other

14. -Laws that controlled enslaved African Americans in the South -Prevent slave rebellions Ex. Slaves prohibited from assembling in large groups, slaves needed written passes before leaving slaveholder’s property, illegal to teach slave how to read or write

15.  Worked slowly  Pretend to be sick  Set fire to buildings  Break tools  Slave revolts  Attempt to escape

16. Religious leader, taught himself how to read and write, led slave revolt killing at least 55 whites He was captured and hung

17. Conductor on the Underground Railroad (13.4 spotlight video)13.4 spotlight video

18. Taught himself how to read and write, escaped slavery and became important vocal abolitionist in the North

19. They had the most money and could afford to become educated. This allowed them easy entry into politics.

20.  North  Cities  Factories, Unions, Strikes  Slavery disappeared, but not racial prejudice and discrimination  Immigrants (1.8 million between 1840- 1850)  South  Mostly rural and small farms  Plantations, slave revolts  Most farmers work land themselves  Slaves (about 4 million by 1860)