1. Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens

2. Migrated from one place to the other

3. Domesticated animals and settled permanently (protection/help)

4. Leaders emerge

5. Systems of writing were invented

6. Infrastructures were made

7. What did man do/ create? How would you define civilization?

8. Civilization a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology.

9. Requirements Advanced cities-a city is a center of trade for a larger area.

10. Specialized workers-workers with skills in a specific type of work

11. Complex institutions - long-lasting pattern of organization in a community

12. Record keeping - as government, religion, and the economy became more complex and structured, people recognized the need to keep records.

13. Advanced technical skills- - new tools and techniques created to solve problems that emerge when large groups of people live together.

15. LET’S RECALL What are the different Ancient river- valley civilizations?  Mesopotamia  Nile  Indus  Early Chinese

16. Lesson Objectives 1. Define civilization; 2. Explain how early civilizations were formed; 3. Enumerate the contributions of the two prominent African communities using a chart 4. Make a creative presentation (Transfer Task)

17. ENDURING UNDERSTANDING The study of the continuum of human civilization reveals the ideals, beliefs, values, and institutions of its people.

18. Lesson 1.4 Ancient Civilizations

19. African empires North African empires  Kingdom of Kush  Kingdom of Axum West African empires  Ghana empire  Mali empire  Songhai empire

20. Dyad Activity  Task To listen to the video clip and list down important notes about the different African civilizatons ( geography, resources, leaders with accomplishements, downfall) The information listed will be very useful in the next activity.

21. Pre-Historic Africa

24. Kingdom of Kush ( 750 BCE – 150 CE) Nubia [modern-day Sudan]

25. The Emergence of Civilization The Land –5,000 miles long –Sahara is the great divide Kush –Agriculture may have first appeared in Nubia rather than the lower Nile valley –Perhaps the site of the first true African kingdom –Nubia became an Egyptian tributary –Disintegration of the Egyptian New Kingdom (end of second millennium B.C.E.) resulted in the independent state of Kush Kush became a major trading state Little known about the society of Kush Seems to have been widespread material prosperity

26. Kingdom of Kush Located south of Egypt Became subjects of Egypt Became the 25th dynasty of the pharaohs of Egypt

27. Pyramids of Kush at Meroë

29. Kingdom of Kush Carried a lively trade with Arabia, India, Ethiopia

30. Kushite in Egypt, 23 BCE

31. Kingdom of Axum [300-700]

32. Stelae, Ezana’s Royal Tomb, Aksum (4c)

33. Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia]

34. Coptic Christian Priest

35. AXUM’S ACHIEVEMENTS Controlled NE African Trade Written Language Spread Christianity in No. & E. Africa Terrace Farming Built Stelae

37. Ghana Empire

38. Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast Ghana Empire [4c-11c]

39. Ghana empire Developed in the markeplace of gold traders The king owned all of the gold nuggets, the empire taxed all goods, including salt, gold, entering and leaving Ghana Almoravids (Muslim group) spread Islam and invaded cities in Ghana not following the religion

40. Berbers GOLD SALT Gold-Salt Trade

41. Salt

42. Mali Empire [13c-15c] GOLD SALT

43. Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”

44. Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque

45. Tuaregs

46. Marketplace near the Niger River

47. Mosque in Gao

48. Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali

49. Distant Mosque at Djenne, Mali

50. Sundiata [1210-1260] “Lion Prince”

51. Mansa Musa [r. 1312-1337]

52. European Map

53. Songhai Empire [15c-16c] GOLD SALT

54. Sunni Ali [r.1464-1492]

55. Askia Mohammed [r.1493-1529]

56. Askia Mohammed’s Tomb [1443-1538] Gao, Mali

57. Benin Empire [15c-19c]

58. Bronze Heads from Benin (16c)

59. Benin Bronze Leopard

62. Bantu Migrations: 1000 BCE To 500 CE

63. Islamic Invasions

66. African Trade Routes

67. Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic

68. Arab Dow off the coast of Zanzibar

70. Great Zimbabwe [1200-1450] “Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”

71. Great Zimbabwe Street

72. Great Enclosure, Zimbabwe

73. Manamotopa Empire [1450-1630]

75. Overland & Sea Trade Routes by 16c

76. African Trade [15c-17c]