1. SOILS

2. What is soil? It is not just, “dirt”
Soil Defined:
formed from the weathering of rocks and organic activity and is composed of loose rock fragments and clay derived from weathered rock mixed with organic material.
Soil is primarily made up of, broken down rock (minerals) and organic materials
(just like igneous rock, soil is made from the nutrients that are present inside of living organisms)

3. How soil forms
The life cycle of soil begins whenever bed rock in the Earths surface begins to erode over time. Bedrock: Very solid layer of rock beneath the soil.
As bedrock begins to erode, the small eroded particles in the bed rock will get deposited onto the surface of the earth, where they begin to form soil.

4. AS THE BEDROCK BEGINS TO ERODE, THIS IS WHAT WE SEE HAPPENING OVER TIME
SOLID ROCK EXPOSED AT EARTH..
BEGINS TO ERODE INTO TINIER, MINERAL PARTICLES,.
A LAYER OF SOIL FORMS AT THE SURFACE, THIS LAYER IS A MIXTURE OF VERY TINY SEDIMENT PARTICLES AS WELL AS ORGANIC ORGANISIMS THAT MAKE THE SOIL HEALTHY FOR PLANT GROWTH

5. WHAT SOIL IS MADE OF
HUMUS- Decayed organic matter in soil.. Humus forms as plant and animal remains decay. Humus is very rich in sulfur, phosporus, and potassium. (necessary for plant growth.

6. SOIL HORIZON- MATURE SOIL THAT IS BROKEN UP INTO THREE SECTIONS A-B-C
A-HORIZON: USUALLY DARK IN COLORDUE TO A LOT OF ORGANIC MATERIAL BEING PRESENT IN THE SOIL. WHERE PLANT GROWTH OCCURS
B-HORIZON- KNOW AS “SUBSOIL” MADE OF TIGHTLY COMPACTED CLAY- CLAY IS LIGHT AND IS DEPOSITED FIRST ON THE SURFACE
C- HORIZON- DEEPEST LAYER, COMPOSED OF BROKEN BED ROCK

7. FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH
POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY POROSITY :is a measure of how much soil is open space. This space can be between grains or within cracks or cavities of the soil .

8. PERMEABILITY
Permeability is a measure of the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit water or other liquids. Water does not pass through impermeable materials. A substantial amount of water is stored in permeable soil and rock underground.

9. A COMMON TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURE EFFECT BY POROSITY AND PERMEABILITYIS…… Karst Topography
What is Karst topography?
topography developed in areas underlain by carbonate rocks, including limestone and dolomite. Karst topography includes features like caves and sinkholes and forms when limestone is slowly dissolved away by slightly acidic groundwater.

10. Karst topography
Karst topography occurs whenever groundwater begins to dissolve away the limestone bed rock below the Earths surface
The groundwater is in a layer of moist soil that travels through that layer of soil and begins to dissolve the limestone in the Earth.
Would this mean that the soil and limestone in these areas are highly permeable or not very permeable?

12. Where Karst Topography exists in virginia