1. Human Rights Young Eun Jang Lily Park

2. Origins of Human Rights HR is new However in Western countries, based on Natural law(god). In the beginning the king treated citizen however they wanted

3. 3 Generations of Human Rights 3 types Civil-political Socio-economic Collective-development

4. Major Ideological Tensions within Human Rights Doctrine Positive vs. Negative rights Rights vs. Duties Individual vs. Group rights Problem of Universality and Western Imperialism Universality – only attempt to put Western values on top Moral values differ

5. UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights December 10, 1948 Address brutalities of past historical events Promotes rights 5 parts Preamble Definition of all human rights Outline of civil and political rights Outline of economic, social and cultural rights Conclusion

6. Key International Documents The Universal Declaration of Human Rights principle statement But don’t have legal power from the angle of international law Some abstract articles should be retranslate to make it detailed Took 18 years to debate how to retranslate the article successfully because some countries have their own point of view

7. The Extension of Human Rights Beyond the International Bill of Rights Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and Convention on the Rights of the Child These conventions been added more agreements of topics about human right issues.

8. Monitoring and Enforcement To protect HR by international agreements, many agencies were formed

9. UN Architecture Different commission such as Human Rights Council Human Rights Committee Economic and Social Council Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.

10. Human Rights and Violence New ideas of human rights Creation of legal HR frameworks

11. Torture and Inhuman Treatment One of the oldest humanitarian law 1997-2001 Torture happened in 140 countries

12. The Geneva Conventions 1864 Prohibition against torture Wounded soldiers Marine war soldiers Prisoners Citizens

13. UN Efforts to Secure Freedom from Torture Conventions that bans torture 4 separate human rights Right to be protected from torture Prosecution of those accused for torture Right not to be exiled to another state Right or victims to receive fair compensation

14. Genocide After World War 2, Genocide became a matter of pressing international concern

15. Criminalizing Genocide in International Law Raphael Lemkin Polish-jewish jurist who uses the term of Genocide and define it. Genocide was not determine as a crime under international law He persuade many countries to pass national legislation.

16. Responsibility to Protect R2P Formed in 2001 The idea of R2P is the answer of how to balance state sovereignty and protection of all people from HR crimes and issues

17. Impact of Globalization New human rights concept Minority ethnic population Women Movement for freedom

18. Indigenous Rights Tribal people lose rights Land Religious practices Forced migration Denial of traditional education

19. Individual Rights or Group Rights? Individual rights > group rights Increase of protection of group rights Creation of conventions that bans violence Independence Influence border

20. Land and Environment Indigenous people protect land Those land have abundant resources People want to access Affect land and the life of indigenous people Preserving their land important to their survival

21. Cultural Rights Indigenous people spread cultural diversity 5000 cultures are indigenous Forces of globalization – disappear of these cultures Indigenous people have profound knowledge of plants Medical treatment Advanced technology Loss of indigenous people – loss of knowledge Impact human life

22. Self-Determination People have right to decision, independence and sovereignty 4 types Colonized people overthrow foreign rules States obtain independence from a federal system State want independence from a bigger state Indigenous people want self-determination

23. Women’s Rights Suffer from hunger and bad health Lose rights Sexually harassed Receive unequal treatment Increase of recognition of women’s rights Liberation movements

24. Reproductive Rights and Sexual Autonomy Forced marriage and sex Right to protect their own bodies Right to abortion Pros: control over their own bodies Cons: murder of fetuses Female Genitial Mutilation Female circumcision Cultural Religious Bring mental and physical side effects

25. Trafficking in Persons Type of human slavery Sex and labor Look for jobs 80% female – out of 800,000 people trafficked each year Bride selling in China Males > female Women sold to marry

26. Children’s Rights 20 th century – Child Welfare Movement and giving rights to children start 1924 – League of Nations adopt Geneva Declaration on the Rights of the Child Later modified by UN Protect from exploitation Rights to have name/nationality Right to education Rights to develop in affection Established HR frameworks for children Non-discrimination Free expression

27. Child Labor Money Cultural reasons Gives experience Harsh labors violate rights to education ILO adopt conventions that bans labor that harm children Still 218,000 children working Cotton picking in Egypt Exposure to pesticides and heat affect children’s health

28. Child Soldiers After Cold War – 300,000 children used as soldiers Kidnapped Forced to take drugs Brainwash Involved in violence/cruelty Mental harm International HR law Under 15 not allowed as soldiers

29. Juvenile Justice Increase of giving rights to children New juvenile systems Fair trial Privacy Short imprisonment

30. Changing Players: Abusers and Guarantors of Human Rights HR influenced by social movements and transnational corporations

31. State Actors Increase of international connections made HR violations occur more often By changing concept of sovereignty, it consider as international problem

32. Transnational Corporate Actors Economic globalization have occur by multinational financial associations and it began to generate abuse of HR.

33. Local Perspective: Japan Japanese Citizen argue about official Japanese survey called Public Survey on the Defense of Human Rights unfair treat to foreigners who live in Japan Government survey wrong question to the Japanese