1. TRAITS OF CIVILIZATION

2. READ FOR INFORMATION Read pages 89 – 91 together to gather information. Read pages 89 – 91 together to gather information.

3. MESOPOTAMIA First civilization to evolve was Sumer, about 3300 BC in southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). First civilization to evolve was Sumer, about 3300 BC in southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Food surpluses meant people could have other jobs. Food surpluses meant people could have other jobs. City leaders had to organize workers to solve problems in the city like building and cleaning. City leaders had to organize workers to solve problems in the city like building and cleaning.

4. ADVANCED CITIES Farmers could store and trade surplus grain. Farmers could store and trade surplus grain. Large temples for praying. Large temples for praying. Different types of work. Different types of work.

5. SPECIALIZED WORKERS Food surpluses allowed people to do other work than farming. Food surpluses allowed people to do other work than farming. Sumerian workers built houses, made jewelry, sewed clothes, created pottery, and built irrigation canals to bring water to crops. Sumerian workers built houses, made jewelry, sewed clothes, created pottery, and built irrigation canals to bring water to crops.

6. COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS An institution is a group of people who have a specific purpose, to help a society meet its needs. An institution is a group of people who have a specific purpose, to help a society meet its needs. Civilizations developed government, religion, schools, armies, and charities to guide and help the people. Civilizations developed government, religion, schools, armies, and charities to guide and help the people.

7. RECORD KEEPING Need to keep track of many things (like how much grain there is). Need to keep track of many things (like how much grain there is). Started out using objects, like wooden sticks to count amounts. Started out using objects, like wooden sticks to count amounts. Later, invented first form of writing, Cuneiform writing. Later, invented first form of writing, Cuneiform writing.

8. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY Needed to create new tools, new materials and better ways of doing things. Needed to create new tools, new materials and better ways of doing things. People of Sumer created canals to irrigate crops, and made tools of bronze (mix of copper and tin). People of Sumer created canals to irrigate crops, and made tools of bronze (mix of copper and tin).

9. LOOK AT MAP ON PAGE 97 Locate the title and key. Locate the title and key. What conclusions can we draw? What conclusions can we draw? Look back at the map on pages 78-79. How are these two maps related? Look back at the map on pages 78-79. How are these two maps related?

10. READ PAGES 92-93. Draw and color a diagram of a ZIGGURAT in your notebook. Draw and color a diagram of a ZIGGURAT in your notebook. Write a sentence below about two or more uses of the ziggurat. Write a sentence below about two or more uses of the ziggurat.

11. ZIGGURAT A ziggurat was the temple and city center, containing the city hall where priests would control the city-state and collect grain as payment for their services. A ziggurat was the temple and city center, containing the city hall where priests would control the city-state and collect grain as payment for their services.

12. CITY-STATE A city-state included a city and nearby farmlands. A city-state included a city and nearby farmlands. Famous city-states in Sumer included Kish, Nippur, and Ur. Famous city-states in Sumer included Kish, Nippur, and Ur.

13. EXIT TICKET Why is record keeping an important trait of civilization? Why is record keeping an important trait of civilization?