1. Vertebral Column

2. Objectives Know the organization of the vertebrae and normal curvatures in the vertebral column. Identify the characteristic features of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Identify the parts of Sacrum. Differentiate between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Explain the attachment of ligaments to the vertebral column.

3. Vertebral Column Consists of 31 vertebrae and the intervening discs It appears as straight line anteroposteriorly, and with multiple curves laterally According to shape and location, vertebrae can be divided into: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Primary vs Secondary curve Spine abnormalities

4. Vertebral Column General structure of vertebra : Body Pedicle Lamina Spine Transverse process Vertebral foramen Vertebral notch Superior articulating process Inferior articulating process

5. Cervical Vertebrae 1st cervical vertebra(Atlas) No body No spine Anterior arch Posterior arch 2 nd cervical vertebra (Axis) looks like typical vertebra It has odontoid process (Dens)

6. Cervical Vertebrae Typical cervical vertebra: Characterized by general structure of vertebra It has a bifid spine 7 th cervical vertebra: Characterized by general structure of vertebra It has no bifid spine

7. Ligaments of the Spine Anterior spinal ligament Posterior spinal ligament Tectorial membrane Interspinous ligaments Supraspinous ligament Ligamentum flavum

8. Atlanto axial Joint Between dens and anterior arch of atlas Supported by alar ligament and cruciate ligament Cruciate ligament Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Transverse

9. Ligaments of the Spine Anterior longitudinal Posterior longitudinal Supraspinous Interspinous Ligamentum flavum

10. Thoracic Vertebra Heart-shaped body Long, thin, vertical spine Round vertebral foramen Body/foramen ratio almost 2 Superior articulating facets facing posteriorly Body has impression for rib articulation

11. Lumbar Vertebra Kidney-shaped body Short, thick, horizontal spine Tringular vertebral foramen Body/foramen ratio almost 3-4 Noimpression for rib articulation

12. The Sacrum Identify the following: Anterior sacral foramina Transverse lines Promontory Ala Posterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest Medial sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Sacral hiatus Cornu Sacral canal