1. Prakash V. Bhave 1, Chelsea E. Stockwell 2, Ted J. Christian 2, Thilina Jayarathne 3, J. Doug Goetz 4, Michael Giordano 4, S. Praveen Puppala 1, Sagar Adhikari 5, Rashmi Maharjan 5, Bijaya Raj Khanal 6, Wolfgang Nadler 4, Benjamin S. Wierden 4, Sanu Babu Dangol 5, Shradda Dhungel 7, Sudeep Ghimire 5, Mukesh Rai 5, Robert J. Yokelson 2, Elizabeth Stone 3, Peter F. DeCarlo 4, Eri Saikawa 8, Maheswar Rupakheti 9, Arnico K. Panday 1 Global Emissions InitiAtive (GEIA) Conference November 18-20, 2015 Beijing, China Acknowledgements: Variety of support from many other colleagues! Nepal Air Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) 12 3 487596

2. S. Asia Emissions very Uncertain Both estimates of BC from residential sector (cooking, heating, lighting) are quite consistent Manufacturing & industrial sector emissions also consistent Transportation emissions of BC differ by a factor of 6! Potentially important sources requiring further investigation Solid waste combustion Crop residue burning 2 BC Inventories for Nepal

3. NAMaSTE Nepal Air Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) Focused on stationary combustion sources ICIMOD-NSF collaboration with substantial Nepali participation 6 weeks budgeted –April 6 – May 15, 2015 –US teams sent scientists & sampling equipment Source Categories Generator Sets Motorcycles idling –Before & after servicing Garbage Burning –Residential & Dump Site Cooking Fires –In-house & lab setting –Variety of fuels and stoves Brick Kilns Heating Fire Diesel Irrigation Pumps Crop Residue Burning –In-field & small pile

4. Emission Measurements Garbage burning test in ICIMOD parking lot Brick kiln test in the Dhading district of Central Nepal

5. Emission Measurements 18 cooking stove tests at Nepal’s Renewable Energy Testing lab Measured crop-residue burning emissions in the Terai (Nepal’s southern plains)

6. NAMaSTE 54 source tests completed before Apr25 “Great Earthquake” Disaster struck field team en route from Terai to Kathmandu

7. Instrumentation Gas Phase Picarro –CO 2, CO, CH 4, H 2 O LICOR (CO 2 ) Vaisala (CO 2 ) GasLab (High CO 2 ) LaFTIR ~20 individual gases Whole Air Samples* –VOC speciation Particle Phase mini Aerodyne AMS –speciated PM 1 2 Photo-Acoustic eXtinctiometers –Single-wavelength absorption (BrC, BC) AE-33 –absorption @ 7 wavelengths Filters – quartz & Teflon ~100 individual organics, OC, EC, ions, metals * 12 WAS canisters collected post-earthquake

8. Idling Motorcycles Sampled 5 motorbikes before and after servicing –Oil change; cleaned air filter, sparkplug, & carburetor Preliminary results –PM 2.5 ↓ by 12x! –8.8 g kg -1 before servicing –0.7 g kg -1 after servicing –OC accounts for most of ↓ –BUT, CO:CO 2 ratio ↑

9. Other Conclusions Cooking stoves –BrC & HCN: Dung burning > Wood-fired > Biogas –Consistency b/t laboratory & real kitchen tests Garbage burning –EC: Plastic > Foil > Mixed urban >> Mixed rural –Indiv VOCs: Smoldering > Flaming by ~10x Next Steps: –Update emissions inventories in Nepal & vicinity –Source apportionment of ambient data collected during April 2015 campaign