2. The Chemistry of Life

3. Bonds Bond is a force that holds atoms together O H H

4. Covalent bonds Force that holds 2 atoms together when they share electrons

5. Ionic bonds Atoms bond with each other by gaining or losing electrons in outer shells, opposite forces attract –Example: sodium loses an electron to become stable chlorine gains an electron and becomes stable

6. Compound Substance composed of atoms that are bonded together Examples: 2 types –Organic compounds: contain carbon rings or chains –Inorganic: don’t have carbon rings or chains

7. Look at p. 51 fig. 3-1 organic or inorganic PP: What is a monomer, polymer, and macromolecule? Read 1st paragraph on p. 53 and define those words.

8. Carbohydrates “Carbon Water” C, H, O Always Ratio of 2 Hydrogens to 1 Oxygen CH 2 O Main Role in Body: –Simple Carbs (Sugars) Immediate Energy but doesn’t last long –Complex Carbs (Starches) Longer lasting energy but not immediate

9. Monosaccharide “One Sugar” Monomer unit of carb C 6 H 12 O 6 Types: –Glucose- made by plants –Fructose-Fruits OSE-ending= Oh So SwEEEt Simple Sugar Isomer- different structures but same chemical formula

10. Disaccharide “Two Sugars” Two monosaccharides linked together Types: –Sucrose- Table Sugar –Lactose- Milk Sugar C 12 H 22 O 11 Simple Sugar

11. Polysaccharide “Many Sugars” 1000s of monosaccharides linked Complex carb: provides long sustaining energy but must be broken down first

12. Types of Polysaccharides Starch –Made by plants for energy storage –We can get energy by eating these –Potatoes, Pastas, Breads etc Glycogen –Made by animals for limited energy storage –Stored in liver and muscle Cellulose –Made by plants for structure –We cannot digest this for energy: It is fiber –Leafy veggies, CELLERY, grass

13. Lipids Elements: C, H, O (much less O) Will NOT dissolve in water Main Functions: –Fats: store energy, padding, and insulation –Wax: waterproof, forms protective layers –Oil: protects skin, hair, feathers

14. Fatty Acid Monomer of Lipid Saturated Fatty Acid: Full amount of Hydrogens Unsaturated Fatty Acid: Missing hydrogens due to double bond Carbons Head end: hydrophilic Tail end : hydrophobic

15. Common Fats Saturated –Made by animals (lard) –Solid at room temp –Made with saturated Fatty Acids Unsaturated –Made plants- OILS –Liquid at room temp –Made with unsat FAs

16. Other Types of Lipids Wax –Waterproofing agent –Earwax, candle wax Steriods –Make up hormones like testosterone

17. Proteins C, H, O, N Nitrogen is not in carbs or lipids Types: –Structural: Muscle, hair, enzymes –Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions

18. Amino Acids Monomer of Proteins 20 Different Kinds R group is the group that makes each amino acid different

19. Peptide Means protein Peptide bond- bond between two amino acids Dipeptide- two amino acids linked Polypeptide- many amino acids linked

20. Nucleic Acids 2 types –DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in nucleus, in chromosomes, molecule of heredity –RNA (ribonucleic acid) makes proteins, ribosomes htt/www.ericharhbarger.org/lego/images/dna/trans_0.jpghtt/www.ericharhbarger.org/lego/images/dna/trans_0.jpg