HUN 4296 Nutrition & Health Issues Week 1 Day 1 Part 2 Energy Balance and Healthy Weight Adapted from Chp 9: Nutrition Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney.

HUN 4296 Nutrition & Health Issues Week 1 Day 1 Part 2 Energy Balance and Healthy Weight Adapted from Chp 9: Nutrition Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

Underweight, Overweight, and Mortality

Risks associated with Underweight  Reduced immunity  Lower body core temperature  Osteoporosis  Nutrient deficiencies  Compromised fertility  Decreased resiliency  Longer more difficult hospital stays  First to die in a famine

Risks associated with Overweight  Chronic diseases  Abdominal hernias  Arthritis and gout  Gallbladder disease  GERD  NAFLD  Sleep apnea

Adult Obesity and Overweight Compared with Healthy People Target

Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1985 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14%

Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1991 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1997 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2001 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2002 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2005 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Evaluating the risks of obesity  Body mass index (BMI)  Waist circumference  Disease risk profile

Components of Energy Expenditure

The Body’s Energy Balance  Estimated energy requirements (EER)  Reference man and woman  Taller people  Need more energy  Energy need diminishes with age  DRI method  Gender, age, physical activity, body size and weight, and growth

Body Weight Versus Body Fatness  Body Mass Index (BMI)  Underweight  Overweight  Obesity  Risks follow racial lines  Drawbacks  Amount or location of fat  Diagnosis requirements

Measuring Waist Circumference

Measures of Body Composition and Fat Distribution  Body composition  Skin fold test  Underwater weighing  Bioelectrical impedance  Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry  Each method has advantages and disadvantages

Average Body Composition of Men and Women

Three Methods of Assessing Body Fatness

The Mystery of Obesity  Obesity’s cause remains elusive  Hunger  Satiety  Response to physiological need  Chemical messengers  Stomach hormone  Ghrelin  Stomach capacity

Hunger, Appetite, Satiation, and Satiety

Fig. 9.10, p. 342 Food component: Amino acids (first used to replace body proteins) Protein Fatty acids Fat Carbohydrate Nitrogen lost in urine Body fat stores Liver and muscle glycogen stores Glucose And then ends up as: Is broken down in the body to: When a person overeats (feasting):

Fig. 9.10, p. 342 Body fat stores And then used for:Is broken down in the body to:Storage component: Glucose Liver and muscle glycogen stores Fatty acids Energy When a person draws on stores (fasting):

Fig. 9.10, p. 342 Energy Amino acids Body protein Body fat And then converted to:Is broken down in the body to:Body component: If the fast continues beyond glycogen depletion: Ketone bodies Nitrogen and some ketone bodies lost in urine Glucose Fatty acids

Inside-the-Body Causes of Obesity  Metabolic theories  Variations in ease of body fat gain or loss  Variety of theories  Genetics  Influence tendency to gain weight or stay lean  Environmental factors

Outside-the-Body Causes of Obesity  External cues to overeating  Available foods  Human sensations  Larger portions  Physical inactivity  Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)  Inactivity epidemic  Sitting still and death from heart disease

Outside-the-Body Causes of Obesity  Built environment  Can discourage physical activity  Food access  Food deserts  Fast food  Stress / Time Management  Work environment

Achieving and Maintaining a Healthy Body Weight  Changing your body weight  What is your motivation?  Benefits of modest weight loss  Focus on health or fitness

What Diet Strategies Are Best for Weight Loss?  Aim for a realistic target  Reasonable goals  Specific and measurable objectives  Recommended weight loss  1 to 2 pounds per week  Weight maintenance  Keep records  Plan your diet

What Diet Strategies Are Best for Weight Loss?  Realistic calorie intakes  Nutrient needs and caloric intake  Men  Women  Adequate diets  Choose sensibly  Consider a supplement  Calcium / Iron

What Diet Strategies Are Best for Weight Loss?

Grading Evidence  Grade I – good  Grade II – fair  Grade III – limited  Grade IV - expert opinion  Grade V: not assignable

HUN4296 Day 1- Obesity Issue “Homework” for quiz in morning Visit Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Based Library. http://andevidencelibrary.com/topic.cfm?cat=2735 http://andevidencelibrary.com/topic.cfm?cat=2735 Examine findings for Dietary Interventions of the Adult Weight Management. What are the conclusions and “grades” associated with those conclusions? Be aware of paradigm shifts!!  Eating Frequency and Patterns  Regular Meal Pattern  Eating breakfast  Portion Control  Meal Replacements  Nutrition Education  Healthy Cooking  Reading Nutrition Information  Selected Dietary Approaches  Low Glycemic Diets  High Calcium  Low Carbohydrate Diet  Very Low Calorie Diets

Medical Treatment of Obesity  Obesity medications  Over-the-counter (OTC) medications  Prescription medications  Obesity surgery  Extreme obesity  Not a sure cure  Complications  Lipectomy

Surgical Obesity Treatments

Fig. 9.14, p. 357 Esophagus Small stomach pouch Stomach Port Surgical staples Esophagus Small stomach pouch Stomach Gastric band Large intestine In gastric bypass, the surgeon constructs a small stomach pouch and creates an outlet directly to the lower small intestine. (Dark areas highlight the redirected flow of food.) In gastric banding, the surgeon uses a gastric band to reduce the opening from the esophagus to the stomach. The size of the opening can be adjusted by inflating or deflating the band by way of a port placed in the abdomen just beneath the skin.

Herbal Products and Gimmicks  Herbals and botanicals  Sold as ‘dietary supplements’  Lack of FDA approval  Other gimmicks  Prohibited claims  Saunas or steam baths  Cellulite

Once I’ve Changed by Weight, How Can I Stay Changed?  Lifelong commitment  Cultivate habits for a healthy weight  Self-efficacy and success keys  Physical activity  Weight cycling

Behavior Modification for Weight Control  Behavior modification  Change behavior  Change thought processes  Food and activity diary  Don’t attempt to modify all behaviors at once

A Sample Food and Activity Diary

Behavior Modification for Weight Control  Modifying behaviors  Eliminate inappropriate cues  Suppress cues  Strengthen cues  Repeat the desires behaviors  Emphasize negative consequences  Emphasize positive consequences  Establish baseline  Cognitive skills

More food for thought… Globesity video  Trailer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkFZjp1Woqw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkFZjp1Woqw  Full video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGL3iT5MMdQ. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGL3iT5MMdQ Notice how companies (ex. Nestle, Unilever) market their products to emerging countries. Compare with your observations on how they are also marketing to our children.

HUN 4296 Nutrition & Health Issues Week 1 Day 1 Part 2 Energy Balance and Healthy Weight Adapted from Chp 9: Nutrition Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney.

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HUN 4296 Nutrition & Health Issues Week 1 Day 1 Part 2 Energy Balance and Healthy Weight Adapted from Chp 9: Nutrition Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney.

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Presentation on theme: "HUN 4296 Nutrition & Health Issues Week 1 Day 1 Part 2 Energy Balance and Healthy Weight Adapted from Chp 9: Nutrition Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney."— Presentation transcript:

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