1. ■Essential Question ■Essential Question: –What were the significant causes & effects of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914? ■Warm-Up Question: –Which change during the Gilded Age was a bigger reason for the rise of American imperialism by 1900: The closing of the Western frontier OR the expansion of northern industrialism? Explain

2. Reasons for U.S. Expansion ■Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny ■Expansion by 1890s was different –New forms of communication led to a sense of internationalism –Looked to gain more naval bases & markets in major trade routes –New territories were viewed as colonies, not as future-states

3. Reasons for U.S. Expansion New markets ■Why the new focus? New markets –The end of the Western frontier led to fears about America’s future economic opportunities –American industrialism made the U.S. a major exporter –Agricultural & industrial production skyrocketed –Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European nations finished imperializing

4. World Colonial Empires, 1900 U.S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

5. Reasons for U.S. Expansion Fear of explosion ■Why the new focus? Fear of explosion –Some Americans believed that America had to expand or it would explode. The country was bursting with population, wealth, and productive capacity.

6. Reasons for U.S. Expansion Literature ■Why the new focus? Literature –Yellow Journalism of Pulitzer & Hearst Exploits described as manly adventuresExploits described as manly adventures 1890s use of melodrama, romance, & hyperbole to sell newspapers1890s use of melodrama, romance, & hyperbole to sell newspapers –Missionaries like Josiah Strong’s Our Country: It’s Possible Future & Its Present Crisis Emphasized the need to civilize & Christianize savagesEmphasized the need to civilize & Christianize savages

7. Reasons for U.S. Expansion Darwinism ■Why the new focus? Darwinism –Social Darwinism promoted white superiority; The U.S. was the fittest and needed to take over others to improve them –Europe has already carved up Africa & China –“White man’s burden” promoted the American & European “duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity policy ■By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for its first real foreign “policy” TR & Henry Cabot Lodge

8. American Social Darwinism Superstition Oppression Ignorance Barbarism Vice Civilization Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U.S.?

9. Reasons for U.S. Expansion New Steel Navy ■Why the new focus? New Steel Navy –Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1690-1783 argued that every successful world power once held a great navy –This was the key to world dominance –This book help start a naval race and moved the U.S. to naval supremacy and the push for a canal

10. The US as a World Power The U.S. promoted trade with Europe but avoided diplomatic conflicts (neutrality) The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for U.S. goods The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

11. Alaska The U.S. as a World Power: Alaska Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to annex Canada & Mexico for the USA In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

12. Latin America The U.S. as a World Power: Latin America Sec of State William Blaine (under Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” or “Big Sister Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses In the Gilded Age, U.S. companies like United Fruit became the largest land owners & employers in many central American nations

13. Aggressive Nature of Diplomatic Affairs 1.Pago Pago in Samoa: Germany & U.S. almost went to war in 1889 but it was finally split between the two. 2.New Orleans lynching; Problem between Italy & U.S. until U.S. paid compensation 3.Baltimore Affair 1891 between U.S. & Chile over death of 2 American soldiers 4.Pribiloff Seal Dispute 1893 between Canada & U.S.

14. Aggressive Nature of Diplomatic Affairs 5. Venezuela Guiana Dispute 1895 –Border dispute between British Guiana & Venezuela –Sec. of State Olney (under Cleveland) informed Britain they were violating the Monroe Doctrine –Britain said it was none of their business  Cleveland said they would fight for border –This led to Great Rapprochement or reconciliation  cornerstone of friendly relations between U.S. & Britain in 20 th cen

15. Hawaii The U.S. as a World Power: Hawaii U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1 st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for U.S. annexation In 1891, U.S. planters (attempting to offset McKinley Tariff) led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.” —John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.” —John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison However, when Cleveland became president again, he investigated the coup and found it to be wrong & opposed by native population, so he delayed the annexation of Hawaii.

16. Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley Do you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii?

17. China The U.S. as a World Power: China The U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into European spheres of influence The U.S. Open Door Policy (by John Hay) in 1900 suggested that no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China. Most countries reluctantly agreed. After Boxers took Beijing, took all foreigners hostage, killed more than 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians, a multinational force broke the rebellion. Fearing that European powers would carve China up for good, Hay officially asked that China not be carved up.

18. Japan The U.S. as a World Power: Japan The U.S. navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry “opened” Japan to U.S. trade in 1854 & ended 200 years of Japanese isolationism But U.S.-Japanese relations were rocky in the early 20 th Century Japan gained power in Asia after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 & gained control of Korea TR received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for this mediation & a mediation in North African disputes in 1906. TR facilitated peace treaty which favored Japan. America lost 2 allies; Russia felt robbed of military victory & Japan of compensation. Japan & America became competitors in Asia.

19. Japan The U.S. as a World Power: Japan After the “Great White Fleet” tour, the Root- Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open Door policy, & respect Chinese independence. The U.S. & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: U.S. rescinded segregation against Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the U.S. Immigrants flooded CA and fears of “yellow peril” ensued. After fire & earthquake, San Francisco said Asian children needed to attend a special school to make room for white children.

20. The New Navy Alfred Mahan ■In order to adequately prepare for the new U.S. role in foreign policy, Alfred Mahan pushed for a “new navy” in the 1880s: –The initial focus was to create lightly-armored, fast ships –But by the 1890s, the navy built new “offensive” battleships –The navy improved from 12 th the world in 1889 to 3 rd in 1900 The U.S.’ most influential naval strategist (under President Cleveland) 1 st big, heavy-armor ships 1 st submarines 1 st smokeless-powder artillery 1 st rapid-fire guns 1 st torpedoes

21. ■Essential Question ■Essential Question: –What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?

22. The Spanish-American War (McKinley Video)

23. Causes of the Spanish-American War ■U.S. presidents from Jefferson to McKinley saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba ■The Spanish- American War to assist Cuba’s independence was the most popular war since the American Revolution

24. Causes of the Spanish-American War ■By the 1860s, the only remaining pieces of the Spanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines –José Martí led Cubans in revolt against Spain in 1895 reconcentration policy –Spanish General Weyler used a reconcentration policy (torture & destruction of the Cuban food supply) to try to end the Cuban independence movement

25. Evidence of Spanish Mistreatment of Cubans General Weyler’s Reconcentration Policy

26. American Involvement ■Presidents Cleveland & McKinley both remained neutral regarding Cuban independence until: yellow journalism –Newspapers used sensationalist “yellow journalism” which boosted U.S. sympathy for Cuba –In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U.S. interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

28. Pulitzer’s The World & Hearst’s New York Journal

29. The Spanish-American War Teller Amendment ■In April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain, but added the Teller Amendment to the war declaration stated that the U.S. had no plans to annex Cuba ■The war led to patriotic outburst: –Ex-Confederates served & symbolically united North & South –Women & African-Americans volunteered in mass numbers “Populists, Democrats, & Republicans are we. But we are all Americans to make Cuba free.” “Populists, Democrats, & Republicans are we. But we are all Americans to make Cuba free.”

30. Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from disease, only 379 died in battle) “What a splendid little war.” —John Hay, Secretary of State under President McKinley “What a splendid little war.” —John Hay, Secretary of State under President McKinley

31. Results of Spanish-American War Treaty of Paris ■U.S. & Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on Dec 10, 1898: –Cuba gained independence –U.S. gained Puerto Rico & Guam –What to do with the Philippines? The U.S. did not want it, but Germany did, so the U.S. annexed the Philippines

32. War in the Philippines ■Filipinos welcomed war with Spain & aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the U.S. refused to grant independence ■Emilio Aguinaldo ■Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerilla- style rebellion that lasted 3 years: –Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between 50,000 & 200,000 native lives –The U.S. resorted to Weyler-style brutality: torture, starvation, rape The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self- rule

33. War in the Philippines Philippine Commission ■McKinley appointed William Taft to the Philippine Commission: –Built schools, roads, & bridges –Improved taxes & sanitation –Created local governments that honored Filipino culture –Aguinaldo was captured & urged an end to the fighting ■The Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946

34. The “American Empire” in 1900 How should the new lands in the new “empire” be governed? Citizenship? Voting? Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were made territories with appointed governors & granted U.S. citizenship The navy controlled Guam & Samoa The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban constitution but forced Cuba to give up land for U.S. naval bases, pay off U.S. war debts, Cuba could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U.S., & the U.S. could intervene in Cuba at any time

35. Our Sphere of Influence

37. Conclusions Conclusions: The USA as a New World Power

38. Impact of Spanish-American War ■Just as the Depression of 1893 led to a shift in domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to shift in U.S. foreign policy: –The U.S. gained overseas territories & was recognized as a legitimate “world power” –Increased the power of the American president

39. Class Discussion: How did U.S. territorial expansion change from 1800 to 1900?