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Published byRudolf Logan Ball Modified over 9 years ago
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Learning HSP3M
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Conditioned Learning Definition: Acquiring patterns of behaviour in the presence of an environmental stimulus i.e. learning to respond to a particular stimulus in a particular way Two types: Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning Key figure: Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s dog Involves learning to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another Sounded bell right before giving the dog food Initially, the food caused the dogs to salivate Eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell alone
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Classic Conditioning another Example Telephone RingingConversation with Friend Happiness (CS)(UCS) (UCR) Telephone RingingHappiness (CS) (CR) (CS) – Conditioned Stimulus (UCS) – Unconditioned Stimulus (UCR) – Unconditioned Response (CR) – Conditoned Response
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Classical Conditioning An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) to turn an unconditioned response (UCR) to a conditioned response (CR) 1.UCS UCR 2.UCS + CS UCR 3.CS CR
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Stimulus or Response? A flashing light Answering this practice exercise A stop sign An ant crawling on your arm Vomiting Coughing Seeing and then smelling a piece of chocolate cake Laughing Screaming A feather tickling your arm
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Identify the US, UR, CS, and CR in the following examples. The overhead in Ms. D’s lab has a short circuit and gives her a shock every time she touches it. After a while Ms. D hesitates every time she is about to touch the overhead. John gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen. Tom hates the sight of cats, because he is allergic to them Your dog comes running every time he hears the can opener
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Operant Conditioning Key figure: BF Skinner Wondered if Pavlov’s idea of stimulus response could explain more complex human behaviour Skinner realized that most behaviour is not the result of the pairing of unrelated stimuli Skinner put a rat in a cage that had a bar that, when pushed, would drop a food pellet into the cage The rat randomly pushed the bar and got food The next time it pushed the bar, it got more food Eventually it pushed the bar constantly, knowing it would get food
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Operant Conditioning Using rewards to reinforce behaviours, and punishments to discourage them – the process of changing behaviour by following a response with reinforcement Positive reinforcement: an event/condition that increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur Negative reinforcement: an event/condition that decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur
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Operant Conditioning Which do you think is more effective, rewards, or punishment?
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Observational Learning Key Figure: Albert Bandura Believes strongly in NURTURE Studied MODELING and IMITATING Behaviour that is not conditioned, but repeated based on seeing someone else do it Think about playing sports, driving a car etc. Most of our early skills are learned through observation
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Observational Learning 1.Attention: Paying attention to the behaviour of others 2.Retention: Remembering what you’ve observed (how they did it, the result) 3.Reproduction: Trying it yourself (practicing) 4.Motivation: Believing that the skill is useful enough to practice (can be internal or external)
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Memory
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76512 830956 7459271 88325813 447143563 4765439679 See if you can remember this:......
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Draw the image on a loonie from memory
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Can you remember the names of all your teachers from grade school?
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Memory The capacity to acquire, retain, and recall knowledge and skills Episodic memory: remembering things from the past Semantic memory: knowledge of how the world works Procedural memory: knowing how to do things
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3 Levels of Memory Sensory Memory Based on 5 senses Only recorded for a few seconds – once you’ve recorded the necessary information, the sensory memory fades Examples: Taste of sandwich in your mouth Sight of a squirrel crossing the road Feel of chair against your back
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3 Levels of Memory Short-term memory What’s going on in your conscious mind right now Holds information for 15-20 seconds Most people can remember about 7 separate, unorganized items in short term memory Can work with more if you organize it into groups Example: someone tells you their phone number and you punch it into your cell phone
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3 Levels of Memory Long-term Memory Which is easier to remember, the name of a friend, or the name of the waiter at the last restaurant you dined at? If it’s important to you, you’ll remember it Long-term memory is unlimited, but we not always be able to recall the information
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3 Levels of Memory Tricks to improving your long term memory? Ascribe personal meaning Mnemonic device Recall items regularly Organization
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