1. Federalists, Anti- Federalists, and Papers

2. A New Government  Articles of Confederation are simply not working  The new constitution would address some of the more serious issues of the Articles  Give the national government the power to tax  Powerful executive  National court system  Restructured amendment process  Determined that only NINE OF THE THIRTEEN states needed to ratify the new constitution for it to take effect  Technically illegal though…

3. Federalist Papers  Series of papers written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay  Written under the name of “Publius” or “Common Man”  85 essays in total  Argued for ratification of the new Constitution

4. Federalist No. 10  Federalist No. 10 addresses the issue of how to protect against factions, groups, with interest contrary to the rights of others  Essentially, Madison is introducing the notion of “rule of the majority, rights of the minority”  Argued for large republic  Checking power of factions :  Popular sovereignty will prevent minority factions from taking over  Harder to prevent take over of a majority faction in a smaller democracy

5. Federalist No. 51  Federalist No. 51 focused on the need for power within the central government to be fractured  Argued for a system of checks and balances  All federal leaders should be elected…except the members of the judicial branch  Political motivation for rulings rather than legal ones  Madison wanted to see the legislative branch further separated, and proposed a bicameral system  Legislative branch speaks with the “true” voice of the public

6. Federalists and Anti Federalists  Two sides will emerge when majority of the delegates in Philly decide to replace the Articles  Federalists: strongly IN FAVOR of ratification of the current Constitution  Anti-Federalists: strongly OPPOSED to ratification of the current Constitution  Believed the delegates should be working to fix the Articles

7. Federalists  Leaders:  James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay  Views on the Articles of Confederation Anti-Federalists  Leaders:  Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock, Samuel Adams  Views on the Articles of Confederation

8. Views on Articles of Confederation  Federalists  Viewed the Articles as weak, and no amount of amending would be able to compensate for this weakness  Favored ratification  Anti-Federalists  Believed that the Articles should be amended or fixed  Feared that a strong president and powerful Congress would lead to tyranny  Opposed ratification

9. Federalists  Leaders:  James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay  Views on Articles  Viewed the Articles as weak  Favored ratification of a new constitution  Views on a strong national government Anti-Federalists  Leaders:  Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock, Samuel Adams  Views on Articles  Amend the Articles  Opposed ratification of a new constitution  Views on a strong national government

10. Views on strong national government  Federalists  Supported a stronger central government  Only a strong central government can successfully keep the states together  Anti-Federalists  Did not want a strong central government  Government would be too far removed from the people  Thought it would lead to tyranny  Keep power with the states

11. Federalists  Leaders:  James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay  Views on Articles  Viewed the Articles as weak  Favored ratification of a new constitution  Views on a strong national government  Supported a stronger central government  Views on individual rights Anti-Federalists  Leaders:  Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock, Samuel Adams  Views on Articles  Amend the Articles  Opposed ratification of a new constitution  Views on a strong national government  Power should stay with the states  Views on individual rights

12. Views on individual rights  Federalists  Did not believe that additional individual rights needed to be added to the Constitution  Offered some protection (i.e. habeas corpus, ex post facto laws)  Most states already had their own bills of rights  Because power would be fragmented, it would be impossible for one branch to take over  Anti-Federalists  Believed that the exclusion of a bill of rights would allow the government to become too powerful  Federal government might strip people of their rights

13. Federalists  Leaders:  James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay  Views on Articles  Viewed the Articles as weak  Favored ratification of a new constitution  Views on a strong national government  Supported a stronger central government  Views on a bill of rights  Not necessary since the Constitution would protect some rights  Others guaranteed by state constitutions Anti-Federalists  Leaders:  Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock, Samuel Adams  Views on Articles  Amend the Articles  Opposed ratification of a new constitution  Views on a strong national government  Power should stay with the states  Views on a bill of rights  Absolutely refused to consider a government that did not federally guarantee individual rights

14. Ratification  Only nine of the original thirteen need to ratify the Constitution  New Hampshire made 9, but the Constitution did not go into effect  Needed New York and Virginia  New York effectively separated the Union, and the country could not function if it refused to sign off  Enough Anti-Federalists will be persuaded to ratify the Constitution with the promise to immediately amend it to include a bill of rights  Over 100 proposed bills will be submitted