1. Matter and Energy Transfer
Particle Theory of Matter
Three Modes of Energy Transfer
Earth’s Energy Budget
Solar Constant

2. Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.

3. Particle Theory of Matter

4. Particle Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of tiny particles (Atoms & Molecules)
Particles of Matter are in constant motion.
Particles of Matter are held together by very strong electric forces
There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves.
Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances
Temperature affects the speed of the particles. The higher the temperature, the faster the speed of the particles.

5. “The ability to do work”
Energy
“The ability to do work”

6. “Energy Is the Ability to Do Work. “
Energy can be found in a number of different forms. It can be:
chemical energy,
electrical energy,
heat (thermal energy),
light (radiant energy),
mechanical energy, and
nuclear energy.
“Energy Is the Ability to Do Work. “

7. Stored and Moving Energy
Energy makes everything happen
and can be divided into two types:
Stored energy is called potential energy.
Moving energy is called kinetic energy.
Stored and Moving Energy

8. How Do We Measure Energy?
Energy is measured in many ways.
Energy also can be measured in joules.
The term "joule" is named after an English scientist James Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889.
He discovered that heat is a type of energy.
How Do We Measure Energy?

9. “One joule is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.” Like in the metric system, you can have kilojoules -- "kilo" means 1,000. 1,000 joules = 1 kilojoule

10. A piece of buttered toast contains about
315 kilojoules (315,000 joules) of energy.
With that energy you could:
Jog for 6 minutes
Bicycle for 10 minutes
Walk briskly for 15 minutes
Sleep for 1-1/2 hours
Run a car for 7 seconds at 80 kilometres per hour (about 50 miles per hour)
Light a 60-watt light bulb for 1-1/2 hours

11. Changing Energy It cannot be created AND it cannot be destroyed.
Energy can be transformed into another sort of energy.
It cannot be created AND
it cannot be destroyed.
Energy has always existed in one form or another.
Changing Energy

13. Three Mechanisms of Energy Transfer
Conduction (contact)
Convection (circulation)
Radiation (empty space)
Three Mechanisms of Energy Transfer

14. More than what meets the eye…

15. Conduction occurs when energy is passed directly from one item to another.
Highly energetic molecules collide with less energetic molecules, giving them some energy
Conduction

16. Ex: Heat element (highly energetic molecules) transfers energy to skillet (less energetic molecules)
Only energy is transferred, molecules do not move from one object to another

18. Convection: Highly energetic molecules move from one place to another
Convection is the movement of gases or liquids from a cooler spot to a warmer spot.
Ex: Water molecules in a pot receive energy by conduction at bottom of pot. Water expands and rises (less dense) and cooler water sinks (more dense) moving in a circular path.
Convection:

20. Movement of molecules creates convection currents
Movement of molecules creates convection currents . The movement is in a circular pattern.

21. The sun's light and heat cannot reach us by conduction or convection because space is almost completely empty. There is nothing to transfer the energy from the sun to the earth.
Radiation

22. The sun's rays travel in straight lines called heat rays
The sun's rays travel in straight lines called heat rays. When it moves that way, it is called radiation.

23. Three Modes of Energy Transfer

24. When sunlight hits the earth, its radiation is absorbed or reflected.
Darker surfaces absorb more of the radiation and lighter surfaces reflect the radiation.
So you would be cooler if you wear light or white clothes in the summer.

26. Radiation:
Atoms or molecules emit electromagnetic waves which carry energy through space and transfers it to an object when it interacts with it

30. Ultraviolet Radiation
Ultraviolet radiation is one form of radiant energy coming from the sun.
The ozone layer provides a defence against UV radiation reaching Earth, but several other factors also affect how UV penetrates our atmosphere.
These include: latitude, season, time of day, altitude, cloud cover, rain, land cover and air pollution.

31. There are three categories of UV radiation.
UV-A is the least damaging form of UV radiation and reaches the Earth in greatest quantity. Most UV-A rays pass right through the ozone layer
UV-B radiation is potentially very harmful. Fortunately, most of the surfs UV-B radiation is absorbed by ozone in the stratosphere.
UV-C radiation is potentially the most damaging because it is very energetic. Fortunately, all UV-C is absorbed by oxygen and ozone in the stratosphere and never reaches the Earth's surface.
There are three categories of UV radiation.

33. HOW DOES UV-B EXPOSURE AFFECT PEOPLE?
Exposure to UV-B radiation:
causes skin cancer
hastens skin aging
can cause eye damage
the human immune system can also be weakened by exposure to UV-B

35. It is Important to know that UV-B radiation has always had these effects on humans.
In recent years, these effects have become more prevalent because Canadians are spending more time in the sun and are exposing more of their skin in the process.
An increase in the levels of UV-B reaching the Earth as a result of ozone depletion may compound the effects that exposure to the sun has already created.

36. DOES UV-B AFFECT PLANTS AND ANIMALS?
Excessive UV-B inhibits the growth processes of almost all green plants.
There is concern that ozone depletion may lead to a loss of plant species and reduce global food supply.
UV-B can cause cancer in domestic animals just like it can in humans.
DOES UV-B AFFECT PLANTS AND ANIMALS?

37. What is infrared (heat) radiation?
For every bit of sunlight that the Earth receives, an equal amount (on average) of IR radiation must travel from the Earth back to outer space.
= Earth’s Energy Budget
Everything emits infrared radiation -- you usually don't notice it, though, because it is weak, and you can't see it like you can sunlight.
What is infrared (heat) radiation?

38. The radiant heat you feel from an oven or a fire is
infrared radiation.
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, especially water vapour, trap some of this infrared radiation, and keep the earth habitable for life.

39. Clouds also trap some of this radiation.
The reason why the air cools so quickly on a clear, dry evening is because the lack of humidity and clouds allows large amounts of IR radiation to escape rapidly to outer space.

40. Radiation Method of energy transfer that carries energy to earth?
Why do all life forms on earth depend on
solar radiation?
Plants convert the energy from the sun
into a usable form (carbohydrate)
for all living organisms.
*No other life forms
can use the energy
directly from the sun.

41. Define “solar constant”:
Amount of radiant energy that hits 1m2 of earth’s outer atmosphere every second
The amount reaching the surface varies considerably based on the time of the year and local weather conditions. 
In broad terms:
approximately 30% of the incoming solar energy is reflected
and 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere. 
About 50% of the incoming sunlight is available for use at the surface.

42. Energy from the sun reaches the Earth-atmosphere system in the form of electromagnetic radiation. However, only about half of the solar radiation makes it to the Earth's surface. The rest is either absorbed or reflected by clouds and the atmosphere. The Earth's surface itself can emit infrared radiation. The balance between incoming and outgoing radiation is called: The Earth’s Radiation Budget

43. Distribution of Solar Radiation
Absorption: 70% total 16% air 4% clouds 50% earth Reflection: 30% 6% air 20% clouds 4% ground
Distribution of Solar Radiation

45. The earth radiates as much energy as it absorbs.
What happens to that energy
between the time it is absorbed
and the time it is radiated
back to space
is what drives our weather systems