3. What are minerals? What are the processes by which minerals form?

4. A huge portion of Earth is made of minerals (most rocks are a combination of minerals) Minerals provide nutrients to living things (like us) Minerals are used in business/technology, construction, and electronics (like computer parts) Minerals are used in business/technology, construction, and electronics (like computer parts)

5. Minerals are a type of matter and we know that all matter is made of? But more specifically, a minerals must meet five criteria to be called a mineral… atoms.

6. All Minerals are… SOLID Which of the following could be a mineral?

7. All minerals are Inorganic= were never alive Which of the following could be a mineral? Inorganic- was never alive Organic- is currently alive

8. All minerals occur naturally. If that is true, which of the following is not made of minerals?

9. All minerals have a definite chemical composition. This means that in each individual mineral, certain types of atoms will come together (bond) in certain ways Ex. this is similar to how 2 hydrogen's and one oxygen come together to form the most important molecule on Earth! O HH

10. The atoms in minerals are arranged into orderly structures (specific shapes). - Cubic - Tetragonal - Orthorhombic - Hexagonal

11. Minerals and Rocks Coal Scoria Gneiss ***You should see lots of different minerals in every single rock Minerals are individual crystals of all the same stuff Rocks are combinations of minerals

12. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks! There are four main properties of a mineral: a) It must occur naturally (not fake) b) It is made of non-living material (never alive) c) It has a definite chemical formula (NaCl=salt) d) It has a crystal structure (Oooo! Precious!)

13. AmethystCalcite Garnet Galena Gold Pyrite ***Notice how each is one single type of crystal!

14.  Mineral crystals can form in two ways: From stuff dissolved in liquids (Evaporation & Hot Water) From Cooling Magma & Lava

15. Intrusive Cooling: Magma cools slowly (Long Time = Large Crystals) Extrusive Cooling: Lava cools Fast (Short Time = Small Crystals) Minerals form from hot magma as it cools inside the crust, or as lava hardens on the surface. When these liquids cool to a solid state, they form crystals. Size of the crystal depends on time it takes to cool down.

16. Rhyolite Granite When the hot material cools fast, it has smaller crystal size. When it cools slowly, it has large crystals. You can see individual crystals in Granite =cooled slowly You can’t see many individual crystals in Rhyolite =cooled very fast

17.  Some minerals form when solutions/mixtures evaporate:  When water evaporates, it leaves behind the stuff that’s dissolved in it.  Longer it takes to evaporate, the larger the crystal.  i.e. salt & water – ocean,  Halite, Gypsum, Calcite. **All the white stuff = salt mineral crystals that formed when the water of this lake evaporated. The mineral material was left behind

18. These salt crystals formed from salt water because as the water evaporated, the salt wasn’t dissolved anymore. So the chemical energy in salt takes over and crystals form.

19. Some minerals display strange properties. These can include: Magnetism, fluorescence, and reactivity. These minerals glow in the dark. A black light really brings it out! The minerals in this rock react with acid Fizzing! The particles of minerals of this rock act like magnets

20. Rocks are nothing more than a mixture of different mineral crystals. Quartz + Biotite + Feldspar = Granite This is Continental Crust ***All three minerals are combined in a Granite rock (mineral) (Rock)

21. Rocks are nothing more than a mixture of different mineral crystals. Pyroxene + Olivine = Basalt This is Oceanic Crust ***Both minerals combined make Basalt (mineral) (rock)

23. Geologists classify rocks into three major groups depending on how they are formed: Igneous rock, Sedimentary rock, and Metamorphic rock.

24. Formed from cooled Lava and Magma can become ***When the lava cools and turns into a solid, it can turn into quartz! Liquid hot lava As an Example:

25. - Igneous Rocks 4. Cool & Crystallize (Intrusive/Extrusive) 5. Igneous Rock Serve and Enjoy 2. Add Heat Energy & Melt (cook for +/-10 thousand years) 3. Turn to Magma (Liquid Molten Rock) 1. Take some Minerals & Gasses – Mix well Minerals + Heat under the ground

26. Formed inside the crust/mantle. These types always have large visible crystals. (cooled slowly) Ex: Granite and Gabbro This is a special kind of Granite called: “Pink Granite” ***Notice that both rocks have easy to see crystals

27. Magma When magma from below rises up, but does not make it to the surface, the minerals start to crystallize slowly and form large crystals. Or not… This became Granite because it never made it to the surface! Notice the bulge that forms! = there might be an eruption soon!

28. Formed on top of the crust. Small, hard to see crystals (cooled quickly) Ex: Pumice, Obsidian ***No visible crystals in either rock

29. When magma from below rises and punches through, the minerals don’t have time to crystallize – therefore, they produce rocks with small crystals. Magma (inside) Lava Flow (Outside) Blam ! ash, gasses, volcanic glass, etc. The lava will quickly cool into solid rock! Other types of rock can be blasted out

30. Granite and Rhyolite form from the same type of cooled magma. If the magma cools rapidly, smaller crystals form and Rhyolite rock is produced. If the magma cools slowly, larger mineral crystals form and the type of rock known as granite forms. Granite: can you see crystals? Rhyolite: can you see crystals? There are no visible crystals! There are lots of visible crystals!

31. Formed by sediments (pieces of rock, shells, and dead organisms) becoming “cemented” (stuck) together. Coal Limestone Sandstone Conglomerate ***You can see lots of different stuff stuck together in these rocks!

32. 1. Rocks exposed at the surface 2. Weather (Break Up) 3. Erode (Carry Away) 4. Sedimentation & Deposition 5. Compaction & Cementation Weathering & Erosion Sedimentation & Deposition Compaction Cementation (stuck together) Rise to the Surface ***Notice that different layers of “sediments” are forming

33. 1. Start at the Surface 4. Sedimentation & Deposition 5. Compaction & Cementation 2. Weather (Break Up) 3. Erode (Carry Away) © Beadle, 2009 Sediments worn away gather here! Igneous rock Layers of sand and sediments Rain moves sand, dirt, and rocks down to the ocean

34. Made from other rocks Take notice of small pieces of rock stuck together

35. Made from parts of living things. Notice all the shells stuck together

36. Formed through evaporation. (ex: limestone) ***Limestone is made up of the Calcium (shells) and Carbon (bodies) from once living things (dead) in the water (oceans). In fact, we call Limestone: Calcium Carbonate! All this Limestone used to be on the bottom of an ocean! (ocean floor)

37. Particles of shells/rocks stuck together Dull (not shiny) Straight layers Fossils (often) The layers are going in this direction can you see them? Sandstone: pieces of sand stuck together

38. To “Morph” means to change it! “…more than meets the eye!” Rocks that have changed. They were once Igneous or Sedimentary rocks that got buried DEEP under ground. The heat and pressure from being deep underground changed the rocks. Has large, inter-grown crystals in thin “bands” (Foliated) or clusters (Non-Foliated).

39. 1. Get some pre-formed rock – Igneous or Sedimentary will do. 2a. Add Heat “cook it” 3. Cool & (Re)-Crystallize 4. Metamorphic Rock!!! Note: If it melts completely and cools; It will turn back into an Igneous Rock 2b. Squeeze (pressure) to “Foliate” Heat and pressure Rocks are “Morphed”

40. Mineral crystals aligned in parallel layers. Notice that the crystals have been squished into mostly straight lines.

41. Crystals are large Crystals have become “squished” The “playing cards” represent mineral crystals in a rock! The shoes represent the pressure caused by all the rock above the crystals

42. Granite=large, randomly located crystals Gneiss=smaller, lined up crystals Crystals are Random in their locations Crystals line up in mostly straight lines becomes HEAT Pressure

43. Gneiss: Schist: Slate: Can you see all the Straight layers of crystals?

44. Cooling Solidifying

45. Cooling Solidifying

46. Heat and Pressure

47. Any type of rock can be changed into any of the other types of rock by natural forces.

48. Review Questions 1. What are three major types of rock found in nature? 2. All new rock starts out as what type of rock? 3. What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rock?

49. Review Questions 4. How are sedimentary rocks formed? 5. Describe the three types of sedimentary rock. 6. What three types of forces are present when metamorphic rock forms?

50. Review Questions 7. Describe the two major types of metamorphic rock.