1. Figure 1, p. 76 Atoms and Minerals Building blocks for Rocks and the Earth

2. Geology- Study of the Earth Rocks - What are they made of? How do they form and change? What do the tell us about the Earth and Earth processes? What is a Mineral? Matter - What is it?

3. Fig. 3-2, p. 61 Atoms Nucleus Protons (+) Neutrons Electrons (-)

4. Table 3-1, p. 62 No of Protons

6. Elements combine to form Compounds BONDING Ionic: Metals lose electron (Na+,K+, Ca++) nonmetals gain electron (Cl-, F-) NaCl, CaF2 Covalent: shared electrons, each atom donates electron to bond (e.g., diamond)

7. Fig. 3-4, p. 63 Ionic Bonding

8. Fig. 3-5, p. 64 Covalent Bonding Diamond Graphite Covalent within sheets van der Waals forces between sheets

9. OTHER TYPES OF BONDING: Metallic: positive ions (lost electrons), shared common electron “cloud” electrons can "flow" (electricity) e.g., Copper Van der Waals Forces: weak, attraction between charged molecules (e.g., water, H2O - H2O

10. MINERAL Naturally Occurring Inorganic Shells OK (calcite, aragonite; CaCO 3 ) NOT coal, oil, or amber Crystalline (Not petroleum, obsidian) Restricted chemical composition

11. Fig. 3-7, p. 66

12. Fig. 3-1, p. 60

13. What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust?

14. Fig. 3-9a, p. 67

15. Fig. 3-10, p. 69 The Building Block of Silicate Rocks: The Silica Tetrahedron

18. Table 3-4, p. 79 Mafic Felsic Silicates Limestone Evaporites

19. Fig. 3-12, p. 71 Mafic Felsic

20. Table 3-2, p. 69

22. Fig. 3-15, p. 75

23. Fig. 3-18, p. 80

24. Things to Know: Atom Mineral 2 most abundant elements in Earth’s crust “Building block” of silicate minerals =silica tetrahedron Mafic vs Felsic silicates Examples of mafic and felsic minerals Others: Limestone (Calcium Carbonate), Evaporites (salt, gypsum)