1. Betula nigra L.

2. KingdomPlantaePlants SubkingdomTracheobiontaVascular Plants SuperdivisionSpermatophytaSeed Plants DivisionMagnoliophytaFlowering Plants ClassMagnoliopsidaDicotyledons SubclassHamamelididae OrderFagales FamilyBetylaceaeBirch Family GenusBetula L.Birch SpeciesBetula nigra L.River birch Figure 1: Classification Table

3.  The River Birch is a deciduous tree that can grow from 40 to 50 feet high, often with multiple trunks. It is a narrow oval in shape when young, but with a fast growth rate as it matures the spread can be from 25 to 35 feet. [1] Figure 2: River Birch tree

4.  The bark of a River birch is reddish brown in color, but can vary widely from creamy-brown, orange- brown, salmon, rust, cinnamon red, gray and many others. The bark peels off in film-like papery curls and contains large horizontal marks, or lenticels. [2]  The twigs of a River birch are reddish brown and thin, and they are droopy. [3] Figure 4: Twig of River Birch Figure 3: Bark of River Birch

5.  The leaves of a River birch are arranged alternately, they are pinnate and simple. The shape is ovate and the margin is double serrate being toothed and lobed. They can grow to be 2 to 4 inches in length and a green in color on top, and a paler green and fuzzy underneath, they turn yellow in the fall. [3] Figure 5: leaves of a River Birch

6.  The buds of a river birch are sessile, attached at the base, they are elongated or oval in shape and come to a point at the tip. It is covered in gray hairs especially towards the tip of the bud. [4] Figure 6: Bud of River Birch

7.  The flowers on a river birch are monoecious. The flowers are arranged in male and female catkins, they are brown in color, and are not showy [3]  The shape of the fruit is elongated, and can vary between 1 and 3 inches, it is brown in color and has a dry hard shell, it’s inconspicuous and doesn’t attract wildlife. [3] Figure 7: Flower of river Birch Figure 8: Fruit of River Birch

8.  The River Birch tends to grow mainly in the southeastern part of the U.S., stretching from eastern Texas and southeastern Iowa, to all the way to Virginia and northern Florida. Scattered populations are found along rivers and streams as far up north as the New England States. [5] Figure 9: Habitat and Range of River Birch

9.  The river birch can be used to manufacture inexpensive furniture and basket hoops, It can also be harvested for pulpwood, artificial limbs, and children’s toys. It can be planted for erosion prevention, and it is also a great ornamental tree. The sap can be collected to make syrups, sugars, and birch beers or vinegars. [6] Figure 10: Birch beer made with the bark from a River birch

10. 1. Shape, Form, and Type- ◦ 1993. Edward F. Gilman. Dennis G. Watson. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010. http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/BETNIGA.pdf http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/BETNIGA.pdf 2. Bark- ◦ 2002. NH Natural Heritage Program. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010 http://www.nhdfl.org/library/pdf/FS-RiverBirch.pdf http://www.nhdfl.org/library/pdf/FS-RiverBirch.pdf 3. Twigs, leaf, Flowers and Fruit- ◦ 1993. Edward F. Gilman. Dennis G. Watson. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010. http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/BETNIGA.pdf http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/BETNIGA.pdf 4. Bud- ◦ 2005. Max Brown. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010 http://www.florabymax.net/FLORAbyMAX/Family-pdfs/FLORA-B- E/Betulaceae%20(Birch%20Family).pdf http://www.florabymax.net/FLORAbyMAX/Family-pdfs/FLORA-B- E/Betulaceae%20(Birch%20Family).pdf 5. Habitat and Range- ◦ 2010. H. E. Grelen. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010. http://forestry.about.com/library/silvics/blsilbetnig.htm http://forestry.about.com/library/silvics/blsilbetnig.htm 6. Uses- ◦ 2010. H. E. Grelen. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010. http://forestry.about.com/library/silvics/blsilbetnig.htm http://forestry.about.com/library/silvics/blsilbetnig.htm

11.  Figure 1: Classification- ◦ 2010. Plants profile. USDA. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BENI http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BENI  Figure 2: River Birch tree- ◦ 2005. Southeastern Growers Inc. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010. http://www.southeasterngrowers.com/plantdetailtemplate.asp?PlantID=8 http://www.southeasterngrowers.com/plantdetailtemplate.asp?PlantID=8  Figure 3: Bark of River Birch- ◦ 2003. Missouri Plants. Betula nigra L. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010 http://www.missouriplants.com/Catkins/Betula_nigra_page.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Catkins/Betula_nigra_page.html  Figure 4: Twig of River Birch- ◦ 2003. Steven J. Baskauf. Date Retriecved: 6/23/2010. http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/beni.htm http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/beni.htm  Figure 5: leaves of River Birch- ◦ 2006. Steven M. Seiberling. Alan S. Weakley. Peter S. White. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010 http://www.ibiblio.org/openkey/intkey/web/BENI.htm http://www.ibiblio.org/openkey/intkey/web/BENI.htm  Figure 6: Bud of River Birch- ◦ 2000. Plant Taxonomy. Key to Winter Twigs. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010 http://www.una.edu/faculty/pgdavison/Twig%20Key.htm http://www.una.edu/faculty/pgdavison/Twig%20Key.htm  Figure 7: Flower of River Birch- ◦ 2003. Missouri Plants. Betula nigra L. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010 http://www.missouriplants.com/Catkins/Betula_nigra_page.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Catkins/Betula_nigra_page.html  Figure 8: Fruit of River Birch- ◦ 2003. Steven J. Baskauf. Date Retriecved: 6/23/2010. http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/beni.htm http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/beni.htm  Figure 9: Habitat and Range of River Birch- ◦ 2010. Western North Carolina Nature Center. Date Retrieved: 6/23/2010. http://www.wildwnc.org/education/trees/river-birch-betula-nigra-betulaceae-birch-family http://www.wildwnc.org/education/trees/river-birch-betula-nigra-betulaceae-birch-family  Figure 10: Birch beer- ◦ 2009. Stewart’s Fountain Favorites. Date retrieved: 6/23/10 http://www.drinkstewarts.com/freebies.aspx http://www.drinkstewarts.com/freebies.aspx