1. PROCESS INTEGRATION ‘Creating collaborative advantages in the textile and clothing industry’

2. THE INTERNAL VALUE CHAIN

3. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Expectations Marketing OperationsCustomer Strategic Decision Product and/or Service Specifications Product and/or Service Interpretation of Expectations Outbound Logistics Raw Materials Sales

4. SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Firm infrastructure Management, strategy, information technology, finance, capital etc. Human Resource Management Technology development, engineering Procurement

5. INTERNAL INTEGRATION Expectations Marketing OperationsCustomer Strategic Decision Product and/or Service Specifications Product and/or Service Interpretation of Expectations Outbound Logistics Raw Materials Sales PROCUREMENT

6. THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND INTERFACE

7. DEMAND INTEGRATION Enhanced customer satisfaction Facilitated production planning Corrections and adjustments Shortened lead-time Inventory risk considerations Timely deliveries

8. SUPPLY INTEGRATION Production excellence Reduced lead-time Cost effectiveness Maximised capacity utilisation

9. COLLABORATIVE ADVANTAGE “Two or more organisations ability to act as a cohesive whole in order to reduce transaction costs, increase organisational flexibility and responsiveness.” (Dyer, 2000)

10. DRIVERS OF COLLABORATION Gain access to valuable information Gain access to external know-how Gain access to new technology Gain access to new market Improve response times and service flexibility Share risk of investment Gain market power Speed up new market entry

11. RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH COLLABORATION Lack of control Inappropriate relationships Poor communication or lack of understanding Lack of strategic focus Lack of mutual benefits Lack of trust Difficult to manage

12. VERTICAL INTEGRATION BENEFITS Increased coordination and control Flexibility limited to internal capacity Confined trade secrets CONCERNS Increased takings from ownership Capacity balancing issues