1. ©NCC Education Limited V1.0 Information Systems and Organisations Lecture 8: The 21 st Century Organisation

2. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.2 Scope and Coverage This topic will cover: Technology and changing organisational forms Commitment and control – managing distributed work Evolving working practice and the network organisation

3. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.3 Learning Outcomes By the end of this unit students will be able to: Understand the way in which organisations and work are changing under the influence of technology Critically analyse working practices and control in the 21 st century organisation

4. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.4 Contents How technology is changes working practices and possibilities Contemporary and future organisational forms Changing relationships with the organisation Management of distributed work Emphasis – People, Organisation and Technology

5. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.5 How Technology Changes Work Most work in organisations is co-operative in nature at some time or other Eason identified important ways of characterising such work in terms of: -participants relative power and influence -division of labour The classification scheme is on the next slide

6. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.6 Co-operative Work Classification, (Eason,1996, p40) Classification

7. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.7 Examples Type A – Local division of labour and equality e.g. decide amongst each other who does what Type B – Local division of labour and managed contribution (team members + supervisor) e.g. fast- food restaurant Type C – Predetermined division of labour and equality e.g. team of equal professionals Type D – Managed team of specialists

8. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.8 Transformation of Work: Time + Space Time-space and power-work type classification transformation. Based on Hassall 1999 page 40. TIME POWER AND INFLUENCE SPACE Same (Synchronous) Different (Asynchronous) Division of Labour EqualUnequal Same Location 12 Local AB Different Location 34 Pre- determined CD e.g. A ‘traditional’ seminar ( 1 B )... becomes an on-line forum ( 4 B )

9. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.9 Technology Effects Automating work De-skilling and up-skilling work Distributing work Changing discretion of individuals when doing work Changing times when work can be carried out (whilst travelling perhaps) Changing location and synchronism of work tasks

10. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.10 The Organisation – Flow of Value Added

11. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.11 Outsourcing Secondary Activities

12. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.12 Concentrating on KEY Primary Activities

13. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.13 Organisation - Part of Business Networks “If the corporation embodied capital in the industrial age, then the b ‑ web does the same for the digital economy. In b ‑ webs, internetworked, fluid, sometimes highly structured, sometimes amorphous ‑ sets of contributors come together to create value for customers and wealth for their shareholders. In the most elegant of b ‑ webs, each participant focuses on a limited set of core competencies, the things that it does best. Business webs are inventing new value propositions, transforming the rules of competition, and mobilizing people and resources to unprecedented levels of performance. Managers must master a new agenda for b ‑ web strategy if they intend to win in the new economy.” (Tapscott, Ticol and Lowy, Digital Capital, p17)

14. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.14 Challenges for Management Relationship between people and their work changing Home-working, hot-desking, mobile and other forms of work emerging Blurring in online world between work and social spheres Competitive pressures Need to be able to manage networked contributions and distributed work

15. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.15 Managing Distributed Work Individual characteristics Organisational characteristics Technology characteristics Work characteristics FIT Societal Outcomes OrganisationalIndividual Based on, Boddy, Boonstra and Kennedy (2008), page 229.

16. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.16 Replacing or Complementing Skills Consider a call centre: -The IS can automate more of less of the call handlers task -Amount of discretion and skill will depend on what the IS allows and the flexibility it provides Consider a modern garage company that services cars: -Computerised diagnostics can quickly isolate engine faults, speeding the repair process -Repairs fitting/replacement parts still a manual process

17. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.17 Human Contribution and Management MANAGERSInformation Systems Enhance human contribution Limit human contribution May enhance managers role May diminish managers role Based on, Boddy, Boonstra and Kennedy (2008) figure 8.5 page 225

18. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.18 The 21 st Century Organisation Flat Structure Networked business Distributed working Automation using IS where possible IS to enhance and control human contribution Partnerships with both Suppliers and Customers Concentrating on core value creating activities

19. ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.19 References Boddy, D., Boonstra,A., Kennedy, G. (2008) Managing Information Systems : strategy and organisation 3 rd ed. FT Pearson. ISBN-13: 978-0273 -71681-5XXX Tapscott, D. Ticoll, D. Lowy, A. (2000) Digital Capital, Harnessing the Power of Business Webs, Nicholas Brearley Publishing, ISBN 1 85788 209 1. Hassall, J C, 1999, Developing Performance Models for Co- operative Information Systems in an Organisational Context, Doctor of Philosophy, Aston University, July 1999

20. The 21 st Century Organisation Lecture 8 - 8.20 ©NCC Education LimitedV1.0 Lecture 8 – The 21 st Century Organisation Any Questions?