1. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 10 Ethnography in Practice, Education, and Administration

2. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Guidelines: Critiquing Ethnographic Research Focus Method Sampling Data collection Data analysis Rigor Findings Conclusions

3. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins “The culture of a Taiwanese nursing home” (Chuang, Abbey, 2009) Focus: describe culture of nursing home life Method: inference to ethnography Informants: purposive sample Data collection: interview, participant observation, document examination

4. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins “The culture of a Taiwanese nursing home” (Chuang, Abbey, 2009) (cont.) Data analysis: transcripts and field notes via computer program Rigor: time in field, use of multiple data collection methods Findings: three major themes Conclusions: potential to inform nursing practice

5. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is True or False: In the study about the Taiwanese nursing home, the researchers demonstrated rigor by using a specific data analysis program.

6. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False. Rigor is demonstrated by the researcher maintaining his or her objectivity, documenting the authenticity of the data, and having the informants play a role in validating the findings. Additionally, time in the field and the use of multiple data- collection methods help support rigor.

7. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins “Learning how we learn: An ethnographic study in neonatal intensive care unit” (Hunter et al., 2008) Focus: aim clearly specified Method: on-site data collection; two different consent forms Sampling Data collection: in-depth interviews, observations

8. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins “Learning how we learn: An ethnographic study in neonatal intensive care unit” (Hunter et al., 2008) (cont.) Data analysis/rigor Findings/conclusions: four major dimensions Written report: “telling the story”

9. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is True or False: In the study by Hunter et al., 2008, the key informants and the selection process were clearly described.

10. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False. Although the assumption can be made that the appropriate individuals participated in the study by Hunter et al., the researchers did not identify who the key informants were and how they were selected.

11. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins “Beyond profession: Nursing leadership in contemporary healthcare” (Sorensen et al., 2008) Focus: part of a large 3-year study Method: in the field; no report of how human rights protected or consent obtained Data collection: focus groups, interviews Data analysis: constant comparative method

12. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins “Beyond profession: Nursing leadership in contemporary healthcare” (Sorensen et al., 2008) (cont.) Rigor: time in field, multiple data-collection strategies Findings: three major units; final themes Conclusions: findings within context of what is already known

13. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Which of the following best describes the ethnographic study by Sorensen et al.? A.It clearly presents a large multi-year study. B.The research takes place in the field. C.Rigor is specifically described and explained. D.One data-collection strategy was used.

14. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer B. The research by Sorensen et al. occurred in the field. However, the research involves only a part of a larger three-year study. There is no explicit description of rigor, and multiple data-collection strategies such as focus groups and interviews were used.

15. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation