2. 1 Adult Learning Styles Created by Margaret R. Jones VCU 2005

3. 2 Learning Styles The education literature suggest that adult learners who are actively engaged in the learning process will be more likely to achieve success. Once adult learners are actively engaged in their own learning process they begin to feel empowered and their personal achievement and self-direction levels rise. The key to getting and keeping adult learners actively involved is understanding learning style preferences. (Blackmore, Jessica. 1996. Learning Styles. http://www.cyg.net/~jblackmo/diglib/styl-a.html)

4. 3 Knowles’ Adult Learning Principles Adult Learner’s need to know Adults are goal oriented Adults are autonomous and self-directing Adults are problem centered (relevance of what they are learning) Adults are practical and problem-solvers Adults have accumulated life experience

5. 4 Litinger & Osif Processes Cognition: how one acquires knowledge Conceptualization: how one processes information. There are those who are always looking for connections among unrelated events. Meanwhile for others, each event triggers a multitude of new ideas. Affective: people's motivation, decision making styles, values and emotional preferences will also help to define their learning styles

6. 5 Learning Theories Kolb’s Theory of Learning Styles Model Meyers-Briggs Type Inventory Theory Felder-Silverman Learning Styles Model

7. 6 Kolb’s Theory of Learning Styles Concrete experience: being involved in a new experience, relating to people, and sensitivity to feelings and people. Reflective observation: watching others or developing observations about own experience,viewing things from different perspectives, and looking for the meaning of things. Abstract conceptualization: creating theories to explain observations, logical analysis of ideas, systematic planning. Active Experimentation : ability to get things done, risk taking, influence people and events through action.

9. 8 Meyers-Briggs Theory Developed by an American woman named Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs-Meyers in 1940. Based on Type theory work of Carl Jung, a Swiss psycholanalyst.

10. 9 The Eight Functions Extroversion vs. Introversion Intuitive vs. Sensing Feeling vs. Thinking Judging vs. Perceiving

11. 10 The Eight Functions Extroversion vs. Introversion process information externally or internally Intuitive vs. Sensing how we gather information intuitively or through five senses Feeling vs. Thinking how we make decisions based on emotions or logical/rational thought Judging vs. Perceiving lifestyle whether we are planned/organized or spontaneous/flexible

12. 11 So…what's my type By choosing four dominate preferences from each of the functions you create your type. ESFJ

13. 12 Four Quadrants & Learning IS (Introverted Sensing IN (Introverted Intuitive) ES (Extraverted Sensing) EN (Extraverted Intuitive)

14. 13 Four Quadrants & Learning IS (Introverted Sensing Learn by reading and observing IN (Introverted Intuitive) Learn by reading and reflecting ES (Extraverted Sensing) Learn by doing EN (Extraverted Intuitive) Learn by talking/acting through ideas

15. 14 Felder-Silverman Learning Styles Model Developed by Richard Felder and Linda Silverman. It incorporates five dimensions. Two replicate aspects of Meyers-Briggs and Kolb models.

16. 15 Felder-Silverman Learning Styles Model Active and Reflective Learners Sensing and Intuitive Learners Visual and Verbal Learners Sequential and Global Learners

17. 16 Felder-Silverman Learning Styles Model Active Understand information by doing Like group work Reflective Understand information by thinking about it quietly first prefer to work alone

18. 17 Felder-Silverman Learning Styles Model Sensing Like learning facts Solve problems by well-established methods and dislike complications Intuitive Prefer discovering possibilities and relationships Like innovation and dislike repetition

19. 18 Felder-Silverman Learning Styles Model Visual Remember what they see (pictures, films, demonstrations, diagrams, flow charts) Verbal Get more out of words (written and spoken explanations)

20. 19 Felder-Silverman Learning Styles Model Sequential Gain understanding in linear steps Follow logical stepwise paths to find solutions Global Learn in large jumps Solve complex problem quickly once they have grasped the big picture

21. 20 Conclusion Adult learners have a diverse range of learning styles so its important to incorporate a variety of formats such as: Using visual aids to enhance your presentations Using discussion and problem-solving activities Explore issues with role-play Using practical hands-on activities

22. 21 Bibliography Baron, Renee. 1998. What Type Am I? New York: Penguin Group. Blackmore, Jessica. 1996. Learning Styles. http://www.cyg.net/~jblackmo/diglib/styl- a.html. Briggs-Meyers, Isabella. 1995. Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black Publishing. R.M. Felder and L.K. Silverman, "Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education," Engr. Education, 78(7), 674-681 (1988). http://www.ncsu.edu/felder- public/Papers/LS-1988.pdf Hirsh, Sandra K. and Kummerow. 1998. Introduction to Type in Organizations. Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. Knowles, M.S. 1998. The Adult Learner: Fifth Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann. Litzinger, Mary Ellen, and Bonnie Osif. 1993. Accommodating diverse learning styles: Designing instruction for electronic information sources. In What is Good Instruction Now? Library Instruction for the 90s. ed. Linda Shirato. Ann Arbor, MI: Pierian Press. Created by Margaret R. Jones VCU 2005