1. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Forecasting

2. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Demand Quantity Time (a) Horizontal: Data cluster about a horizontal line. Figure 9.1

3. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Demand Quantity Time (b) Trend: Data consistently increase or decrease. Figure 9.1

4. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Demand Quantity |||||||||||| JFMAMJJASOND Months Year 1 Year 2 (c) Seasonal: Data consistently show peaks and valleys. Figure 9.1

5. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Demand Quantity |||||| 123456 Years (c) Cyclical: Data reveal gradual increases and decreases over extended periods. Figure 9.1

6. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Demand Forecast Applications Time Horizon Medium TermLong Term Short Term (3 months -(more than Application(0-3 months) 2 years) 2 years) Forecast quantityIndividualTotal salesTotal sales products orGroups or families servicesof products or services Decision areaInventoryStaff planningFacility location managementProductionCapacity Final assemblyplanningplanning schedulingMaster productionProcess Work-forceschedulingmanagement schedulingPurchasing Master productionDistribution scheduling ForecastingTime seriesCausalCausal techniqueCausalJudgmentJudgment Judgment Table 9.1

7. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Causal Methods Linear Regression Dependent variable Independent variable X Y Actual value of Y Estimate of Y from regression equation Value of X used to estimate Y Deviation, or error { Regression equation: Y = a + bX Figure 9.2

8. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Time Series Methods Simple Moving Averages Figure 9.4 Week 450 — 430 — 410 — 390 — 370 — |||||| 051015202530 Actual patient arrivals Patient arrivals

9. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Time Series Methods Simple Moving Averages Example 9.2 Actual patient arrivals Actual patient arrivals 450 — 430 — 410 — 390 — 370 — Week |||||| 051015202530 Patient WeekArrivals 1400 2380 3411 Patient arrivals

10. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Time Series Methods Simple Moving Averages 450 — 430 — 410 — 390 — 370 — Week |||||| 051015202530 Actual patient arrivals 3-week MA forecast Patient arrivals

11. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Time Series Methods Exponential Smoothing Example 9.3 450 — 430 — 410 — 390 — 370 — Week |||||| 051015202530 F 4 = 392.1 Exponential Smoothing  = 0.10 F 3 = (400 + 380)/2 D 3 = 411 F t +1 = F t +  (D t - F t ) Patient arrivals

12. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Time Series Methods Exponential Smoothing Example 9.3 Week 450 — 430 — 410 — 390 — 370 — |||||| 051015202530 F 4 = 392.1 D 4 = 415 Exponential Smoothing  = 0.10 F 4 = 392.1 F 5 = 394.4 F t +1 = F t +  (D t - F t ) Patient arrivals

13. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Time Series Methods Exponential Smoothing 450 — 430 — 410 — 390 — 370 — Patient arrivals Week |||||| 051015202530 Example 9.3 Exponential smoothing  = 0.10

14. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Measures of Forecast Error E t = D t - F t Choosing a Method Forecast Error Example 9.4

15. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Choosing a Method Forecast Error Measures of Forecast Error E t = D t - F t  |E t | n Et2nEt2n CFE =  E t  = MSE = MAD = MAPE =  [ |E t | (100) ] / D t n  (E t - E ) 2 n - 1 Example 9.4

16. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Absolute Error AbsolutePercent Month,Demand,Forecast,Error,Squared,Error,Error, tD t F t E t E t 2 |E t |(|E t |/D t )(100) 1200225-25 625 2512.5% 224022020 400 208.3 330028515 225 155.0 4270290-20 400 207.4 5230250-20 400 208.7 626024020 400 207.7 7210250-40 1600 4019.0 827524035 1225 3512.7 Total-15 5275 19581.3% Choosing a Method Forecast Error Example 9.4

17. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Choosing a Method Forecast Error Absolute Error AbsolutePercent Month,Demand,Forecast,Error,Squared,Error,Error, tD t F t E t E t 2 |E t |(|E t |/D t )(100) 1200225-25 625 2512.5% 224022020 400 208.3 330028515 225 155.0 4270290-20 400 207.4 5230250-20 400 208.7 626024020 400 207.7 7210250-40 1600 4019.0 827524035 1225 3512.7 Total-15 5275 19581.3% MSE = = 659.4 5275 8 CFE = - 15 Measures of Error MAD = = 24.4 195 8 MAPE = = 10.2% 81.3% 8 E = = - 1.875 - 15 8  = 27.4 Example 9.4

18. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Choosing a Method Tracking Signals Table 9.2 Percentage of the Area of the Normal Probability Distribution Within the Control Limits of the Tracking Signal Control Limit SpreadEquivalentPercentage of Area (number of MAD)Number of  2 Within Control Limits ± 1.0± 0.8057.62 ± 1.5± 1.2076.98 ± 2.0± 1.6089.04 ± 2.5± 2.0095.44 ± 3.0± 2.4098.36 ± 3.5± 2.8099.48 ± 4.0± 3.2099.86

19. To Accompany Ritzman & Krajewski, Foundations of Operations Management © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Choosing a Method Tracking Signals Tracking signal = CFE MAD +2.0 — +1.5 — +1.0 — +0.5 — 0 — - 0.5 — - 1.0 — - 1.5 — ||||| 0510152025 Observation number Tracking signal Control limit Out of control Figure 9.5