1. SOUTH AFRICA Chapter 11

2. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE  Politics in Action  Striking mineworkers in South Africa  Geographic Setting  About twice the size of Texas  Four main race groups:  41 million Bantu-language-speaking Africans  4.6 million Whites  4.6 million Coloureds (term used in SA)  1.3 million Indians Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2 Section 1

3. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 3

4. THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATION AT A GLANCE Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4

5. THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATION AT A GLANCE Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. 5

6. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE  Critical Junctures  Settlement, 1688–1911  Dynamics of the Frontier, 1779–1906  Imperialists against Republicans, 1867–1910 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 6

7. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE  Critical Junctures  The Origins of Modern Institutionalized Racism, 1910–1945  Apartheid and African Resistance, 1945–1960  The Sharpeville Massacre and Grand Apartheid, 1960–1976 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 7

8. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE  Critical Junctures  Generational Revolt and Political Reform, 1976–1990  The South African Miracle, 1990–1999 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8

9. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 Nelson Mandela walks through the gates of Pollsmoor Prison on the day of his release, hand in hand with his wife, Winnie. Mandela insisted on leaving the prison on foot, rather than being driven.

10. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN STATE  The Four Themes and South Africa  South Africa in a Globalized World of States  Governing the Economy  The Democratic Idea  Collective Identity  Themes and Comparisons Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 10

11. Where Do You Stand? What accounts for the fact that the South African system of apartheid was such an exceptionally oppressive system before 1994? From what you have read so far, how significant have been the changes brought about by South Africa’s democratic transition? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 11

12. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 12 Section 2  State and Economy  Apartheid Economics  Supported by social and economic policy  Buttressed by welfare state  Liberalization and Deregulation  Apartheid dismantled by economic deregulation  Rising defense spending and expanding public debt brought reasons to deregulate/privatize

13. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Society and Economy  Remains one of most unequal societies in world despite efforts to alleviate poverty  Social inequality product of government policies  Black Empowerment  Expanding black ownership is policy priority  The Preferential Procurement Act Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 13

14. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Environmental Issues  Industrial pollution concerns  “Brown issues” and “green” issues  Ecological sustainability  Climate change and flooding  South Africa in the Global Economy  Protectionist policies constrained growth  Consequences of sanctions Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 14

15. Where Do You Stand? South African social inequality has increased since 1994. Why does this matter politically? Is poverty in today’s South Africa mainly an effect of Apartheid? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 15

16. GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 16 Section 3  Organization of the State  Quasi-federal system since 1994  National government has power to override laws passed by provincial regional legislatures  The Executive  Features of Britain’s Westminster model  President powerful; forms government  Nelson Mandela (first president after 1994)  Cabinet ministers

17. GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 17  Other State Institutions  The Judiciary and the Police  Highest crime rate in world  National Security Organizations  Subnational Government  Nine provincial governments led by premiers  Executive councils (mini-cabinet)  Municipal governments often key agencies

18. GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 18

19. GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING  The Policy-Making Process  During Mandela administration, policy-making was participatory  Growth, Employment, and Redistribution policy (GEAR) policy in 1996 represented an abrupt turnaround  Policy now isolated from activism Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 19

20. Where Do You Stand? The changes in 1994 were a compromise. Did they leave South Africa’s administration stronger or weaker? Did the ANC make unwise concessions during the negotiations? If so, what were they and why were they made? If not, why do you reject the criticisms made of the compromise? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 20

21. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 21 Section 4  The Legislature  National Assembly (400 members)  National Council of Provinces (upper house)  Legislation mostly drafted by ministers and officials

22. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 22  Political Parties and the Party System  Still shaped by racial divisions  African National Congress  The (Afrikaner) National Party  Small Parties  Democratic Alliance  Inkatha Freedom Party  Congress of the People

23. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Elections  Managed by Independent Electoral Commission and increasingly effective  Proportional representation  Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity  Racial divisions continue to affect patterns of political support Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 23

24. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest  Unusually well organized  Protests often in bigger cities, poor neighborhoods  Democracy weakened by divisions between ethnic groups Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 24

25. REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  The Political Impact of Technology  Social media and social network usage is highest on the continent  But has little transformative political impact  Some new social movements try to use technology to mobilize “militant poor” Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 25

26. Where Do You Stand? What have been the ANC’s main achievements as the ruling party since 1994? What are the benefits and what are the shortcomings of one party predominating politically for such a long time? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 26

27. SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 27 Section 5  Political Challenges and Changing Agendas  Impact of AIDS  Economic challenges  Social inequality remains

28. SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 28  Youth Politics and the Generational Divide  First “born-free” generation  Higher rates of distrust of politicians and lower levels of party identification  Abahlali baseMjondolo movement

29. SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICS IN TRANSITION Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 29  South African Politics in Comparative Perspective  Deeply divided pre-1990  Economic inequalities and racial divisions  Democratization since 1994  Generally effective governance  Long process of political/economic reforms

30. Where Do You Stand? What are the prospects for South African political stability? Why does South Africa’s social inequality matter? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 30