1. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Statistical Testing Project Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova on behalf of the Statistical Testing Team http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/analysis/TandA LCG-Application Meeting CERN, 27 November 2002

2. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova History and background

3. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova What is? Provide tools for the statistical comparison of distributions – equivalent reference distributions (for instance, regression testing) – experimental measurements – data from reference sources – functions deriving from theoretical calculations or from fits physics validation regression testing system testing Main application areas in Geant4: Interest in other areas, not only Geant4? LCG? A project to develop a statistical analysis system, to be used in Geant4 testing A project to develop a statistical analysis system, to be used in Geant4 testing

4. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova History Statistical testing agreed in the Geant4 Collaboration as a major objective for 2002 Initial ideas presented at Geant4 TSB meeting, November 2001 Open brainstorming session at a Geant4-WG workshop, 31 May 2002 Inception phase, summer 2002 –Informal discussions with STT, Geant4 collaborators and interested potential developers –Initial collection of user requirements in Geant4 –First version of software process deliverables: Vision, URD, Risk List Presentation at Geant4 Workshop + parallel sessions, October 2002 –http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/talks/G4workshop/CERN/pia/tanda-2002.ppt Launch of the project

5. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova The team Development team Pablo Cirrone, INFN Southern National Lab Stefania Donadio, Univ. and INFN Genova Susanna Guatelli, CERN/IT/API Technical Student and INFN Genova Alberto Lemut, Univ. and INFN Genova Barbara Mascialino, Univ. and INFN Genova Sandra Parlati, INFN Gran Sasso National Lab Andreas Pfeiffer, CERN/IT/API Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Geant4 system integration team Gabriele Cosmo, CERN/IT/API - Geant4 Release Manager Sergei Sadilov, CERN/IT/API - Geant4 System Testing Coordinator Statistical consultancy Paolo Viarengo, Univ. Genova, Statistician interested collaborators are welcome! + requirements, suggestions, -testing by many other Geant4 Collaborators (M. Maire, A. Ribon, L. Urban et al.)

6. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova The vision

7. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Vision: the basics software process Rigorous software process vision Have a vision for the project –An internal tool for Geant4 physics & STT? –Also for Geant4 physics validation in the experiments? –Other parties than Geant4 interested? stakeholders Who are the stakeholders? users Who are the users? developers Who are the developers? architecture Build on a solid architecture Clearly define scopeobjectives scope, objectives Flexible, extensible, maintainable Flexible, extensible, maintainable system quality Software quality Clearly define roles

8. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Scope of the project tools for statistical testing The project will provide tools for statistical testing of Geant4 –physics comparisons and regression testing –multiple comparison algorithms Generality Generality (for application also in other areas) should be pursued –facilitated by a component-based architecture The statistical tools should be used in Geant4 (and in other frameworks) –tool to be used in testing frameworks –not a testing framework itself Re-use existing tools whenever possible –no attempt to re-invent the wheel –but critical, scientific evaluation of candidate tools

9. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Architectural guidelines architectural The project adopts a solid architectural approach functionalityquality –to offer the functionality and the quality needed by the users maintainable –to be maintainable over a large time scale extensible –to be extensible, to accommodate future evolutions of the requirements Component-based approach –Geant4-specific + general –Geant4-specific components + general components –to facilitate re-use and integration in diverse frameworksAIDA –adopt a (HEP) standard –no dependence on any specific analysis toolPython LCG Architecture Blueprint RTAG The approach adopted is compatible with the recommendations of the LCG Architecture Blueprint RTAG

10. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova The reason why we are here… statistics comparison component Core statistics comparison component + user layer can be generalised to wider scope than Geant4 only This is the reason why we present the project to LCG scientific discussion –to establish a scientific discussion on a topic of common interest interested users –to see if there are any interested users interested collaborators –to see if there are any interested collaborators We would all benefit of a collaborative approach to a common problem –share expertise, ideas, tools, resources…

11. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Software process guidelines Significant experience in the team –in Geant4 and in other projects ISO 15504 Guidance from ISO 15504 –standard! USDPtailored USDP, specifically tailored to the project RUP –practical guidance and tools from the RUP –both rigorous and lightweight –mapping onto ISO 15504 LCG Software Process Infrastructure Open to use tools provided by the LCG Software Process Infrastructure project

12. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Who are the stakeholders? NameDescriptionResponsibilities Geant4 STT Coordinator Coordinates system testing Ensure that the system meets the needs of Geant4 System Testing Geant4 physics coordinators Coordinate Geant4 std EM, lowE EM, hadronic WGs Ensure that the system meets the needs of Geant4 Physics Testing Geant4 TSB Is responsible for Geant4 technical matters Provide guidelines, monitors progress INFN Computing Committee National Committee whom part of the developers respond to; has appointed 4 referees Recommend funding; review the project, monitor progress Others?Who? LCG?Requirements? Expertise?

13. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Who are the users? Other potential users: users of the Geant4 Toolkit users of the Geant4 Toolkit, wishing to compare the results of their applications to reference data or to their own experimental results other projects other projects with requirements for statistical comparisons of distributions (e.g. the LHC Computing Grid project) GroupsResponsibilities Geant4 physics Working Groups Provide and document requirements, provide feedback on prototypes, perform -testing on preliminary releases of the product, provide use cases for acceptance testing Geant4 STT Provide and document requirements, perform formal acceptance testing for adoption in system testing

14. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Some use cases Regression testing –Throughout the software life-cycle Online DAQ –Monitoring detector behaviour w.r.t. a reference Simulation validation –Comparison with experimental data Reconstruction –Comparison of reconstructed vs. expected distributions Physics analysis –Comparisons of experimental distributions (ATLAS vs. CMS Higgs?) –Comparison with theoretical distributions (data vs. Standard Model)

15. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova What do the users want? User requirementsGeant4 User requirements from Geant4 (physics, system testing) elicited, analysed, specified and reviewed with the users –User Requirements Document –http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/analysis/TandA/URD_TandA.htmlhttp://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/analysis/TandA/URD_TandA.html –Use case model in progress statisticalcomponent Specific user requirements related to the core statistical component –Detail in progress (URD in preparation) –Input from LCG? Requirement traceability –Analysis/design, implementation, test, documentation, results

16. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Are there any constraints? Geant4 constraint requirements Based on AIDA No concrete dependencies on specific AIDA implementations should appear in the code of the system tests Available on Geant4 supported platforms The system should not require additional licenses w.r.t. what required for Geant4 development Other non-functional requirements?

17. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova The core statistical component

18. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova HBOOK, PAW & Co. the most powerful Based on considerations such as those given above, as well as considerable computational experience, it is generally believed that tests like the Kolmogorov or Smirnov-Cramer-Von-Mises (which is similar but more complicated to calculate) are probably the most powerful for the kinds of phenomena generally of interest to high-energy physicists. […] provided the data are not binned. The value of PROB returned by HDIFF is calculated such that it will be uniformly distributed between zero and one for compatible histograms, provided the data are not binned. […] notcorrect binned data The value of PROB should not be expected to have exactly the correct distribution for binned data. HBOOK manual, 1994 CDF Collaboration, Inclusive jet cross section in p pbar collisions at sqrt(s) 1.8 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 438 but…

19. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Goodness-of-fit tests Pearsons 2 test Kolmogorov test Kolmogorov – Smirnov test Lilliefors test Cramer-von Mises test Anderson-Darling test Kuiper test … It is a difficult domain… Implementing algorithms is easy But comparing real-life distributions is not easy Incremental and iterative software process Collaboration with statistics experts Patience, humility, time… System open to extension and evolution Suggestions welcome!

20. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Pearsons 2 discrete Applies to discrete distributions It can be useful also in case of continuous distributions, but the data must be grouped into classes Cannot be applied if the counting of the theoretical frequencies in each class is < 5 When this is not the case, one could try to unify contiguous classes until the minimum theoretical frequency is reached

21. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Kolmogorov test The easiest among non-parametric tests continuous Verify the adaptation of a sample coming from a random continuous variable Based on the computation of the maximum distance between an empirical repartition function and the theoretical repartition one Test statistics: D = sup | F O (x) - F T (x)|

22. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Kolmogorov-Smirnov test Problem of the two samples –mathematically similar to Kolmogorovs Instead of comparing an empirical distribution with a theoretical one, try to find the maximum difference between the distributions of the two samples F n and G m : D mn = sup |F n (x) - G m (x)| continuous Can be applied only to continuous random variables Conover (1971) and Gibbons and Chakraborti (1992) tried to extend it to cases of discrete random variables

23. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Lilliefors test Similar to Kolmogorov test Based on the null hypothesis that the random continuous variable is normally distributed N(m, 2 ), with m and 2 unknown Performed comparing the empirical repartition function F(z 1,z 2,...,z n ) with the one of the standardized normal distribution (z): D* = sup | F O (z) - (z)|

24. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Cramer-von Mises test Based on the test statistics: 2 = integral (F O (x) - F T (x)) 2 dF(x) continuousdiscrete Can be performed both on continuous and discrete variables Satisfactory for symmetric and right-skewed distributions

25. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Anderson-Darling test Performed on the test statistics: A 2 = integral { [F O (x) – F T (x)] 2 / [F T (x) (1-F T (X))] } dF T (x) continuousdiscrete Can be performed both on continuous and discrete variables skewness Seems to be suitable to any data-set (Aksenov and Savageau - 2002) with any skewness (symmetric distributions, left or right skewed) Seems to be sensitive to fat tail of distributions

26. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Kuiper test Based on a quantity that remains invariant for any shift or re-parameterization Does not work well on tails D* = max (F O (x)-F T (x)) + max (F T (x)-F O (x))

27. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Work in progress

28. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova OOAD in progress Preliminary design of the statistical component in progress Core statistics comparison package User layer Policy-based class design http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/rose/statistics/ Validation of the design through use cases Some open issues identified, to be addressed in next design iteration

29. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova work in progress + more algorithms

30. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova work in progress

31. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova work in progress Use case: compare two continuous distributions

32. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Work in progress Implementation and test of preliminary design What can be re-used? –Algorithms in GSL, NAG libraries (to be evaluated) Studies in progress –Transformation between continuous-discrete distributions –Strategies to use Kolmogorov-Smirnov with discrete distributions (E. Dagum + original ideas) –How to deal with experimental errors (not only statistical!) –Multi-dimensional distributions –Bayesian approach In the to-do list –Conversion from AIDA objects to distributions –Pythonisation Revision of the initial documents (Vision, URD, Risks) –Based on the recent evolutions in the project –Input from todays meeting?

33. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Work in progress: Geant4-specific Development of general physics tests in the E.M. domain, for comparison of reference distributions –Compilation of existing tests –Evaluation, documentation of tests –Elicitation of requirements for tests among the Geant4 physics groups –Collection of reference data/distributions Prototype for automated comparison w.r.t. reference databases –NIST, Sandia etc., directly downloaded from the web –Prototype as a risk mitigation strategy Integration in the Geant4 system testing framework Integration in Geant4 physics testing frameworks

34. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Where? Geant4-specific stuff –In Geant4 –May be included in public distribution, if of interest to users Core statistical component –Developed in an independent CVS repository –Code, documentation, software process deliverables Web site –http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/analysis/TandA/index.htmlhttp://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/analysis/TandA/index.html Contact persons –Andreas.Pfeiffer@cern.ch, Maria.Grazia.Pia@cern.chAndreas.Pfeiffer@cern.chMaria.Grazia.Pia@cern.ch

35. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Time scale driven by Geant4 needs Aggressive time scale driven by Geant4 needs –incremental and iterative software process OOAD + implementation already started Prototype at CHEP Advanced functional system summer 2003 Open to the needs/suggestions of LCG –compatible with the available resources and Geant4 needs

36. Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Conclusions… Geant4 requires a statistical testing system for physics validation and regression testing –to provide a high quality product to its user communities Core statistical component (of potential general interest) Geant4-specific components Project compatible with LCG architecture blueprint –component-based approach, AIDA, Python… Rigorous software process –to contribute to the quality of the product Aggressive time scale dictated by Geant4 needs Open to scientific collaboration Beginning…