1. Pre – Colonial Africa/ Kenya Mid 1800’s Hundreds of different ethnic groups in Sub Saharan Africa Follow traditional religions & speak hundreds of languages Subsistence lifestyle – both farming and herding groups In Kenya, over forty previously independent communities are put into one territorial entity (Ogot, 2000).

2. Colonization 1884-1885 Berlin Conference 14 European countries sat down to divide Africa Boundaries were set without consideration of African ethnic or language groups People who were enemies were combined and some groups were divided

3. Kenya is controlled by the British 1895-1920 Europeans are encourage to settle in Kenya – get the best farmland African are pushed to reservations Indians (from India) are brought in to build the railroad

4. Divide and Conquer Through divide and rule, the administration played off one ethnic group against another or signed protection treaties with some ethnic groups, thereby cementing the differences between the various groups.

5. Mau Mau Rebellion – 1952-1960 Kikuyu (largest ethnic group in Kenya) Take an oath to get their land back British killed and detained in camps thousands of Africans – over 10,000 Some British are killed Africans are also killed by other Africans for being seen as working with the British

6. Independence - 1963 Becomes a republic

7. 1990’s Ethnic conflict Widespread corruption

8. Education 2002 Free Primary Education many primary schools were overstretched by unexpected high enrolment of students following the introduction of universal free primary education. The number of primary school students has risen from 5million to more than 8million since the program was launched from an average of 40 pupils to 120 (bbc.com) GDP per capita is $875 per year ($73 per month)