1. Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

2. Key Concepts  Major geologic processes  Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle  Earthquakes and volcanoes  Finding and extracting mineral resources  Non-renewable mineral resources

3. Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth

4. Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle

5. Plate Tectonics  Divergent boundary  Convergent boundary  Subduction zone  Transform fault

6. Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates

7. External Earth Processes Weathering - break down of rock 1.Mechanical Frost Wedging Exfoliation 2.Chemical Weathering H 2 O, CO 2, O 2 + Rock Biological Action Erosion - transport of rock Weathering - break down of rock 1.Mechanical Frost Wedging Exfoliation 2.Chemical Weathering H 2 O, CO 2, O 2 + Rock Biological Action Erosion - transport of rock

8. External Earth Processes Agents of Erosion 1.Water 2.Wind 3.Gravity 4.Glaciers Agents of Erosion 1.Water 2.Wind 3.Gravity 4.Glaciers

9. Natural Hazards: Earthquakes  Features  Magnitude  Aftershocks  Primary effects  Secondary effects

10. Expected Earthquake Damage Canada United States No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage

11. Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions extinct volcanoes extinct volcanoes magma reservoir central vent magma conduit Solid lithosphere Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere

12. Resources: Minerals and Rocks  Mineral (diamond, quartz, gold) Rock Types  Igneous (granite, basalt)  Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)  Metamorphic (marble, slate)

13. Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Sedimentary Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Rock Cycle

14. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Metallic  Non-metallic  Energy resources  Ores

15. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories  Identified  Undiscovered  Reserves  Other

16. Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Satellite and air imagery  Magnetometers  Gravity differences  Radiation detectors  Seismic surveys  Chemical analyses

17. Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Open-pit (surface mining)  Area strip (surface mining)  Contour strip (surface mining)  Dredging (surface mining)  Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)  Longwall (subsurface mining)

18. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act  Established 1977  Mine lands must be restored to pre- mining conditions  Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites  Limited success due to lobbying efforts of coal companies  Established 1977  Mine lands must be restored to pre- mining conditions  Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites  Limited success due to lobbying efforts of coal companies

19. Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources  Disruption of land surface  Subsidence  Erosion of solid mining waste  Acid mine drainage  Air pollution  Storage & leakage of liquid mine waste

20. Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources

21. More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining  Overburden  Spoil  Open-pit  Dredging  Strip mining  Room and pillar  Longwall Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342

22. Processing Mineral Resources  Ore mineral  Gangue  Tailings  Smelting

23. Supplies of Mineral Resources  Economic depletion  Depletion time  Foreign sources  Economics  Environmental concerns  Mining the ocean  Finding substitutes  New technologies