1. TYPES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES A.K.A. – Economic Lifestyles

2. Hunter-Gatherer Society 2 million to 10,000 years ago Hunt animals and gather edible foods (wild fruits, etc.) Men do the hunting, women do the gathering Must carry possessions – have few material goods

3. Hunter-Gatherer Society Exercise little control over the environment Must move to where their food is - NOMADIC Must organize themselves to be in the right place, at right time

4. Hunter-Gatherer Society Change sizes of living groups according to seasonal availability & abundance of food supply BANDS – usually 100 or less – most members related by blood or marriage Reciprocal Sharing – share on basis of need

5. Pastoral Society Developed 12,000-10,000 yrs. ago Livestock – those species that people breed, raise and control for the purposes of providing food (meat, dairy products) or other useful things (hides, wool) or for performing work (carrying people & possessions)

6. Pastoral Society Domesticated animals – animals not in the wild; tamed by humans Cattle, sheep, goats, camels, horses, llamas, reindeer, & yaks – provide milk & meat Needs of animals for naturally occurring food & water influence seasonal rhythm of lives

7. Pastoral Society Types of environment – desert, grasslands, savanna, tundras and mountains Areas where cultivation is impossible or extremely difficult Vegetation in these areas are usually indigestible by humans & only eaten by animals

8. Horticultural Society Developed 12,000-10,000 years ago SUBSISTENCE FARMING – grow only what they need May keep domesticated animals, such as pigs and chickens, but do not depend on their products

9. Horticultural Society People use energy of only their muscles in clearing their land, planting, and harvesting Use hand tools – digging sticks, shovels, hoes Shifting cultivation – “slash and burn” technique FALLOW LAND – abandon land when it loses fertility

10. Horticultural Society Use other land in the meantime Dry land gardening – where there is low, erratic and unpredictable rainfall Sedentary Villages – size and permanence of settlement; avg. 1,000-2,000 people

11. Agricultural Society Developed 10,000 years ago Plow and draft animals – no longer just human energy Plow allowed farmer to control weeds & use them as fertilizer by digging more deeply than with spades, hoes, or digging sticks

12. Agricultural Society INTENSIVE FARMING – fields farmed more frequently and same fields farmed annually Produce higher crop yields New methods – fertilization, crop rotation, weeding, etc. Irrigation for rain deficiencies

13. Agricultural Society Supports more people SURPLUS FARMING – grow more than necessary & use extra for trade, money, to pay laborers, as tax Live in CIVILIZATIONS & have specialized form of gov’t Allows for specialized division of labor (not all farmers)

14. Industrial Society Started w/machine-woven cotton in houses Industrial Rev. in 1700s in England Factory system – moved from house into one large bldg. New machinery – power loom, water loom, spinning jenny

15. Industrial Society Application of science to create more complex devices Major source of energy – coal Major metal – iron ore Production of steel Advancements in transportation and communication Colonialism & imperialism

16. Industrial Society RESULTS 1.Global trade & cultural exchange 2.Urbanization 3.Population increase 4.Communism v. Socialism v. Capitalism 5.Large gap between rich & poor

17. Post-Industrial Society Mid-1950s to present Emphasis on providing service & information instead of a product Service industries – banking, insurance, etc. More than 50% now employed by service industries (trade, finance, health, entertainment)

18. Post-Industrial Society Computer Age – technology Information Age – knowledge production Change is planned & assessed - effects of an innovation, good & bad, can be considered before it is introduced