1. Network-Layer Routing Routing tasks are methods of finding the paths for packet from their sources to their destinations. Routers are responsible mainly for implementing routing algorithms.

2. Classification of Routing Algorithms We can classify different routing Algorithms as 1.Static Routing and Dynamic Routing 2.Least Cost Path and Non-Least Cost Path 3.Intra Domain and Inter Domain Routing

3. Static routing performs routing decisions with preconfigured routes in the routing table, which can be changed manually only by administrators. Static routes are normally implemented in those situations where there is no need for route change in the future. Also, if a failure happens in the network, it is unable to react immediately. e.g. shortest path, flooding In dynamic routing, the state of the network is learned through the communication of each router with its neighbors. Dynamic routing continuously updates its routing table with paths and their cost/metric e.g. distance vector, link state

4. Routing Static Routing ( shortest path Algo, Flooding ) and Dynamic Routing ( Distance vector, Link state ) Least Cost Path ( Dijkstras, Bellman Ford ) and Non-Least Cost Path ( Flood Routing, Deflection Routing ) Interior ( RIP, OSPF ) and Exterior ( B G P )

5. Flooding Flooding requires no network information whatsoever. Every incoming packet to a node is sent out on every outgoing line except the one it arrived on. After the first transmission all the router which are 1 hop distance receive the packet. After second transmission all the routers which are at 2 hop distance receive the packet.

6. Limitation Main limitation flooding is that it generates vast number of duplicate packets due to which bandwidth gets wasted. It is necessary to use suitable mechanism to overcome this limitation.

7. Solution 1. Use hop-count :- a hop counter may be contained in the packet header, which is decremented at each hop, with the packet being discarded when the counter becomes zero. 2. Use Sequence Number :- Avoid forwarding of same packet second time.

8. hop-count=3

9. =router =link X 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Distance Vector Routing

10. Distance Vector Routing Algorithm In routing table, initially each router Initialize neighbors with known cost, others with infinity. Periodically send copy of routing table to neighbors On reception of a table, if neighbors path to a destination plus neighbor cost is better, then switch to better path

11. Example DestCostNext B3B C1C D  - E1E F1F G  - Initial Table at A

12. DestCostNext B2C C1C D2C E1E F1F G2F Table at A after single iteration