1. Section 2 – Part 1 The Solution Process

2. By the end of this section you should be able to answer the questions:  What are three factors that affect the rate of dissolution?  What is solution equilibrium?  What is the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions?  What is solubility?  How is a solubility table and a curve used?

3. Let’s say you want to make hot chocolate. What 3 techniques could you use in order thoroughly mix the solute and solvent in the fastest way possible?

4. Increasing Surface Area of Solvent

5. Agitating a SolutionHeating a Solvent Click here for a video

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7. Solution Equilibrium – dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates Click here for a video

8. Unsaturated Solution a solution that could contain more solute Saturated Solution a solution contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute Click here for video

10. Supersaturated solution – a solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution under the existing conditions Click here for video 1 Click here for video 2

11. Click here for video on solubility Click here for video on solubility curves Click here for video on solubility curves

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13. Solubility – the amount of that substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature Example: 204 grams sugar can dissolve in 100. grams of water at 20˚C Temperature must be specified because solubility varies with temperature. For gases, pressure must also be specified.

15. If a saturated solution of sucrose, C 12 H 22 O 11, in 100. grams of H 2 O at 80˚C is cooled to 40 ˚C, approximately how many grams of the solute will precipitate out of the solution? Use Table 4 (which is Figure 2.4 on page 388)

16. At 80˚C, 362 grams of sucrose is in solution At 40˚C, 238 grams of sucrose is in solution 362 grams – 238 grams = 124 grams will precipitate

18. Find the solubility curve for NH 4 Cl. How does the solubility of NH 4 Cl vary with the temperature of the water? It increases

19. Estimate the solubility of NH 4 Cl at 35˚C, 55˚C, and 75˚C. 35 ˚C = 48 grams 55 ˚C = 52 grams 75 ˚C = 65 grams

20. At what temperature would the solubility of NH 4 Cl be 60 grams per 100. grams of water? About 65˚C

21. If 40 grams of NH 4 Cl were added to 100 g of water at 50˚C, would the resulting solution be saturated or unsaturated? Unsaturated

22. What would occur if 80 grams of NH 4 Cl were added to 100 g of water at 90˚C? Saturated solution About 72 grams would dissolve and the other 8 grams would fall to the bottom.

23. What would be the fastest way to dissolve a solute in a solvent? Explain solution equilibrium. Differentiate between an unsaturated and a saturated solution. How could a supersaturated solution be made?

24. The fastest way to dissolve a solute would be to: increase the surface area of the solute (crush or powder the solute) agitate the solution (stir) heat the solvent Solution equilibrium – you have a saturated solution and the solute is dissolving at the same rate that it crystallizes

25. A unsaturated solution can have more solute dissolved into it. There will not be any undissolved solute sitting at the bottom of the solution. A saturated solution will have some solute that remains undissolved. To make a supersaturated solution you would need to heat the solution, dissolve solute to the point of saturation, and let the solution cool slowly and keep it undisturbed.

26. Use the solubility curves to answer the questions. What is the solubility in grams of solute per 100.g water for: KCl at 80 ˚C LiCl at 20 ˚C KNO 3 at 60 ˚C

27. Use the solubility curves to answer the questions. What is the solubility in grams of solute per 100.g water for: KCl at 80 ˚C about 55 g LiCl at 20 ˚C about 80 g KNO 3 at 60 ˚C about 108 g

28. Use the solubility curves to answer the questions. What temperature would each of the following solubility levels be observed? 140 g KNO 3 in 100.g H 2 O 50 g KCl in 100. g H 2 O 130 g RbCl in 100. g H 2 O

29. What temperature would each of the following solubility levels be observed? 140 g KNO 3 in 100.g H 2 O around 72 ˚C 50 g KCl in 100. g H 2 O around 72 ˚C 130 g RbCl in 100. g H 2 O around 85 ˚C

30. Use the solubility curves to answer the questions. Determine whether the following solutions will be saturated or unsaturated: if 80 g of KNO 3 were added to 100 g H 2 O at 40 ˚C if 30 g of NaCl were added to 100 g H 2 O at 50 ˚C

31. Determine whether the following solutions will be saturated or unsaturated: if 80 g of KNO 3 were added to 100 g H 2 O at 40 ˚C saturated if 30 g of NaCl were added to 100 g H 2 O at 50 ˚C unsaturated

32. If a saturated solution of silver nitrate, AgNO 3, in 100. grams of H 2 O at 60˚C is cooled to 20 ˚C, approximately how many grams of the solute will precipitate out of the solution? Use Table 4

33. If a saturated solution of silver nitrate, AgNO 3, in 100. grams of H 2 O at 60˚C is cooled to 20 ˚C, approximately how many grams of the solute will precipitate out of the solution? 440 g – 216 g = 224 grams

34.  I CAN describe three factors that affect the rate at which a solid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent and why they affect the rate.  I CAN define solution equilibrium.  I CAN differentiate between saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions.  I CAN define solubility.  I CAN use a solubility chart and a curve.

35. http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/tate rs/solubility.htmhttp://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/tate rs/solubility.htm