1. CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND ETHICS Team Leader David Johnston, PhD Senior Fellow Billy Williams, PhD Junior Fellow Phil Lewis, PhD Student

2. Civil & Construction Engineering Building the Physical Environment Project areas include: Environmental Environmental Geotechnical Geotechnical Structural Structural Transportation Transportation Water Resources Water Resources

3. Ethical Concerns for Public Health Health Safety Safety Welfare Welfare Stewardship Stewardship

4. Construction Research Does not: Test on humans Test on humans Test on animals Test on animals Look for “next great breakthrough” Look for “next great breakthrough”Does: Refine current techniques & methods Refine current techniques & methods Promote advancement of industry Promote advancement of industry Educate practitioners Educate practitioners

5. Engineering as a Social Experiment (Martin & Schinzinger, 1989) Engineers are researchers Engineers are researchers Clients (humans) are subjects Clients (humans) are subjects Subjects must be aware of risk exposure from researchers Subjects must be aware of risk exposure from researchers Researchers faced with many moral and ethical decisions Researchers faced with many moral and ethical decisions

6. Ethical Issues in Engineering (Koehn, 1993) Incompetence & Misrepresentation Incompetence & Misrepresentation Conflict of Interests Conflict of Interests Discrimination/Favoritism/Harassment Discrimination/Favoritism/Harassment Misuse of Resources Misuse of Resources Failure to Protect Health, Safety, Welfare Failure to Protect Health, Safety, Welfare Improper Relations with Professionals Improper Relations with Professionals

7. Ethical Issues, cont. Improper Community/Political Involvement Improper Community/Political Involvement Mishandling Sensitive Information Mishandling Sensitive Information Failure to Deal with Employee Concerns Failure to Deal with Employee Concerns Alcohol/Drug Abuse Alcohol/Drug Abuse Failure to Protect Environment Failure to Protect Environment Poor Quality Control Poor Quality Control

8. Theories for Ethical Decisions Commonly Accepted Ethical Theories: Egoism Egoism Virtue Theory Virtue Theory Utilitarianism Utilitarianism Moral Rights Moral Rights

9. Egoism A person should do what is in their personal best interest. Example: I will focus on my personal goals.

10. Virtue Theory A person should do what their group considers to be good. Example: I will be a responsible and law- abiding citizen of my community.

11. Utilitarianism A person should do what is in the best interests of the community, greatest good for greatest number. Example: I will consider how my actions affect the most people.

12. Moral Rights A person should have respect for other people’s moral rights. Example: I will not harm another person to gain benefits for me or others.

13. Framework for Ethical Decisions: Code of Ethics Vesilind (1987) suggests three objectives: 1.Enhance the image of the profession 2.Clarify rules of conduct in the profession 3.Promote the public good

14. Civil Engineering Code of Ethics American Society of Civil Engineers Code of Ethics (www.asce.org/professional/ethics/)

15. Case Study What:Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse Where:Kansas City, Missouri When:July 17, 1981 Why:Negligence How Much:114 Deaths 200+ Injured Numerous Lawsuits

16. The Plan… National Institute of Standards and Technology (Marshall et al. 1982)

17. The Design… National Institute of Standards and Technology (Marshall et al. 1982)

18. The Change… National Institute of Standards and Technology (Marshall et al. 1982)

19. The Result… www.ethics.tamu.edu

20. The Culprit… www.ethics.tamu.edu

21. What Happened… 1.Engineer designed continuous rod support 2.Contractor requested double-rod support 3.Engineer approved, but did not re-analyze revised design 4.Fourth floor box beam carried the load of two floors (2 nd and 4 th ) 5.Collapse 6.Two engineers at the design firm had their licenses revoked

22. Ethically Speaking… “It wasn’t a matter of doing something wrong, they just never did it at all. Nobody ever did any calculations to figure out whether or not the particular connection that held the skywalks up would work. It got built without anybody ever figuring out if it would be strong enough. It just slipped through the cracks.” Patrick McLarney Attorney for Missouri Licensing Board (Levy and Salvadori, 2002)

23. Ethical Theory Applications Egoism Egoism “If I had checked the design, I would still have my license.” Virtue Theory Virtue Theory “If I had checked the design, then I would not have reflected poorly on the engineering community.”

24. Ethical Theory Applications, cont. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism “If I had checked the design, then all of those people would not have been killed.” Moral Rights Moral Rights “I must always check the design because everyone who enters the building has the right to health, safety, and welfare.”

25. Questions

26. References Koehn, E., (1993). “Ethical Issues Experienced by Engineering Students and Practitioners.” Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 119, No. 4, October, pp. 402-408. Levy, M. and Estate of M. Salvadori (2002). Why Buildings Fall Down, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, N.Y. Marshall, R.D., Pfrang, E.O., Leyendecker, E.V., and Woodward, K.A. (1982). Investigation of the Kansas City Hyatt Regency Walkways Collapse. National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C., May. Martin, M.W. and Schinzinger, R. (1989). Ethics in Engineering, 2 nd edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York, N.Y. Roddis, W.M.K., (1993). “Structural Failures and Engineering Ethics.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 119, No. 5, May, pp. 1539-1555. Vesilind, P.A., (1995). “Evolution of the American Society of Civil Engineers Code of Ethics.” Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 121, No. 1, January, pp. 4-10. www.asce.orgwww.ethics.tamu.edu