1. XBT Fall Rate Equation – A Review Pankajakshan and Gopalkrishna, (pankaj@nio.org) National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India

2. “ Oceangraphic data are like infants. Unless care is taken, it is susceptible to injuries(errors). However, unlike infants data are immortal. Once it is collected, it remains as a source of information for ever. ” … Thadathil http://www.nio.org

3. Why XBT Data susceptible to errors? No depth sensor Z=6.472 t – 0.00216 t 2 Operated when ship is underway Data transmitted through a thin wire http://www.nio.org

4. History……. Based on XBT-CTD Experiments ( simultaneous Observations) it is reported in a number of studies that Manufacture’s fall rate equation underestimate XBT depth, causing XBT depth error. Subsequently, IOC task team proposed a ‘new depth equation’ for correcting the XBT depth error ( Hanawa et. al. 1995). Since the new depth equation was developed based on XBT-CTD data sets mainly from Pacific, we evaluated the applicability of the new depth equation for XBT data from the Indian Ocean. http://www.nio.org

5. XBT-CTD Controlled Data Sets for the Indian Ocean Cruises 1. SK 110 (29 Feb.-10 Mar., 1996) 2. SK-95(1-25 Sep., 1994) 3. SK-119(12-18 Dec., 1996) 4. SK-120(27-Dec. 31-Jan.,1997) http://www.nio.org

6. Depth vs Estimated Elapsed Time # Red broken line shows the manufacturer’s equation. # Solid line represent mean depth-time relation based on the present data from the Indian Ocean

7. a-b Coefficients of the present data set http://www.nio.org Linear trend is visible Depth difference w:r:t reference equation does not vary much

8. Mean Depth Error for XBT Data of Different Cruises Mean error for our cruises falls outside the manufacturer’s stipulated error bar (2 percent of the depth). Coefficients supplied by the manufacturer are not adequate.

9.  The mean depth error varied between -2 to -27m.  a & b coefficients of our data do not differ much from Hanawa et al.  Hanwa et al fall rate equation is suitable for the Indian Ocean. http://www.nio.org

10. Analytical depth error proposed by Seaver and Kuleshov (1982) http://www.nio.org Applicability of new depth equation for correcting fall rate in Antarctic Waters???????

11. Temperature - Viscosity Relation Inversely proportional Decrease of temperature increases viscosity Increase of viscosity retards probe free fall velocity

12. Station locations of XBT-CTD data sets from Antarctic waters http://www.nio.org XBT - CTD data collection Dec 1998–Mar 1999 & April 1993

13. Composite XBT and CTD Temperature profiles from the two data sets XBT : Red Lines CTD: Black lines http://www.nio.org

14. Mean Depth Error for XBT data from Antarctic region http://www.nio.org  Mean depth error is positive.  Depth error is in agreement with theoretical value.  Probe descends at a slower rate than expected.

15. Latitudinal Variation of XBT Depth Error http://www.nio.org

16. Conclusion  Existing correction scheme is valid only for the tropical and sub-tropical regions where the depth error is negative.  It is reasonable not to correct XBT profiles from the extreme climatic regions.  More experimental studies are essential to further substantiate this result. http://www.nio.org

17. Ongoing Indian XBT Transects http://www.nio.org