1. FINGERPRINTING ANALYSIS

2. Prehistoric Fingerprinting
Ancient Babylonians
Ancient China

3. History of Fingerprinting
1858 – Sir William Herschel
An English Chief Magistrate in India

4. History of Fingerprinting
Henry Faulds
Published an article in
“Nature” saying fingerprints
could be used for identification
Wrote to his cousin, Charles
Darwin, asking for help with
developing a classification
system
Darwin forwarded the letter
to his cousin, Sir Francis Galton

5. History of Fingerprints
1880 Henry Faulds
1882 Gilbert Thompson
Henry Faulds
( )

6. History of Fingerprinting
1883 – Alphonse Bertillon
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Body height
Length of middle finger
Length of left foot
Length of outstretched reach of both arms
Width of head
Length of head

8. History of Fingerprinting
1892 – Sir Francis Galton
Published textbook ________________________
Outlined a fingerprint identification system
Suggested __________________________________
Assigned three pattern types
_____________ _______________ ________________
Demonstrated two fundamental principles underlying fingerprint identification system
___________________

9. History of Fingerprints
Uniqueness
Galton calculated that there was a possible existence of ___________________different fingerprints
No two fingerprints have yet been found that are identical
Even identical twins have different fingerprints
Permanence

10. History of Fingerprinting
1891 – Juan Vucetich
Developed a ____________________________________
Used in most Spanish-speaking countries
Made one of 1st criminal fingerprint identifications
1897 – Sir Edward Richard Henry
Developed another searchable filing system
Adopted by _____________________________________

11. History of Fingerprinting
In 1903, Will West thought he was fooling the system at Leavenworth Penitentiary by stating that he was not already in the system at the Penitentiary for a previous crime.
The clerk decided to look up his Bertillon number anyway.
What was found was another man serving a life sentence for murder, already imprisoned in the Penitentiary, named William West
This flaw in the system would have never been noticed, had Will West not lied when entering the Penitentiary for a second time in 1903
Will West
William West

12. History of Fingerprinting
1904 – World’s Fair
1924 –

13. What are Fingerprints?
______________________________________________________________________________________
Also found on palms, toes, and soles of feet
Designed for firmer grasp and to prevent slippage

14. What are Fingerprints? Human skin is composed of layers
Epidermis = __________________
Dermis = ____________________
Dermal papillae = _________________________
Determines pattern of ridges on skin’s surface
Develop in fetus and enlarge during growth

15. Dermal papillae separating the two layers of dermis

16. Ridge Characteristics
Minutiae
____________ in a ________________
___________________________and
_____________________ imparts individuality to a fingerprint
Used to make a ____________________comparison by expert fingerprint examiners

17. Three Fundamental Principles of Fingerprinting
A fingerprint is an ____________________________ characteristic because no two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics (______________________)
A fingerprint will remain _____________________ during an individual’s lifetime; and
3. Fingerprints have general ___________________that permit them to be systematically classified.

18. Ridge Characteristics

19. Ridge Characteristics
A fingerprint may contain up to ________________________________________________________________
Crime scene prints usually have only a ___________ number of ridges that are actually recoverable
To make a match an examiner has to determine that two prints have the same ridge characteristics in the same location to one another
Around ___________________points of similarity are needed to determine a match

20. Chapter 4
Comparison
There are ________________________________________________in the United States on the number of points required for a match. Generally, criminal courts will accept _____________________________________points of similarity.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt

21. 2nd Principle: ________________________________________________________________
A positive identification of John Dillinger from his fingerprints, even though he had mutilated them
Dillinger tried to remove his fingerprints by using a corrosive acid. He had the outer layer of skin (epidermis) removed by acid and had plastic surgery performed on his face to conceal his identity.

22. Ridge Patterns Three classes __________________
60-65% of all fingerprints
30-35% of all fingerprints
5% of all fingerprints

23. 3rd Principle:Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified.
All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern:
loops, arches and whorls (_______________).

24. Loops
One or more ridges enters from one side of the print, re-curves, and exits from the same side
Ulnar loop: ______________________________
Radial loop: _____________________________
Right Hand Ulnar Loop
Right Hand Radial Loop

25. Loops
All loops must have ________________ surrounded by type lines and a core
Core
Type lines
Delta

26. Ulnar vs. Radial Loop Make sure you indicate what hand you are fingerprinting

27. Whorls Ridges are generally circular
All whorl patterns have type lines and _______________________________deltas

28. Whorls 4 distinct groups _____________________
At least 1 ridge makes a complete circuit
Imaginary line between deltas touches spiral ridge
Imaginary line between deltas does not touch spiral ridge
Made of 2 loops combined together
Contains 2 or more patterns or doesn’t fit anywhere else

29. Arches
Ridge __________ from ____________side of the print, rises in the center and ____________ on the other side
____________________have
Type lines
Deltas
Cores

30. Arches 2 Distinct groups ___________________
Ridges rise in the center in a wave-like pattern
_____________________
Ridges rise in the center with a sharp spike

31. Primary Classification
Chapter 4
Primary Classification
The Henry-FBI Classification System
Each finger is given a point value.
right
left
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt

32. Primary Classification, continued
Chapter 4
Primary Classification, continued
Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation:
right right left left left
index ring thumb middle little + 1 =
right right right left left
thumb middle little index ring + 1
That number is your primary classification number.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Kendall/Hunt

33. FBI System of Classification
Modification of the Henry system
Pair up fingers
R. Index R. Ring L. Thumb L. Middle L. Little
R. Thumb R. Middle R. Little L. Index L. Ring
Based on presence or absence or whorl pattern
1st pair: 16 points
2nd pair: 8 points
3rd pair: 4 points
4th pair: 2 points
5th pair: 1 point

34. FBI System of Classification
Total the values
Add 1 to the numerator and denominator
Fraction is what you use to classify the prints
Provides examiner with list of candidates in system to look at more closely
Can help narrow down suspect list
Final identification of an individual is based on comparison of minutia by examiner
Only useful when a full set of prints are available

35. Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)
Prints are scanned and encoded by computers
____________________________position and orientation of minutia for each print
Produces a list of file prints with the closest correlation to a question print for the examiner to compare
__________________________________known suspects in each case

36. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
3 kinds of crime scene prints
__________________________

37. Latent Prints
Each skin ridge contains a single row of pores – openings for ducts of sweat glands
Tops of fingerprint ridges get covered with _____________________
When a finger touches an item, sweat and oil are deposited onto the surface
This leaves an _____________________ of the finger’s ridge pattern (fingerprint)
_____________________ to the eye

38. Visible and Plastic Prints
Visible prints
Made by _____________________
_________________________________________ touching a surface
Plastic prints
Made when a finger by_____________________
___________________________________________________________________

39. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
Method used depends on surface type print is located on
Hard nonabsorbent surfaces
Examples:_____________________________
_____________or _________________treatment
Soft and porous surfaces
Examples: ________________________
Chemical treatment
_____________________
Super Glue treatment

40. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
Powders
______________________________________________________________________________
Applied with camel hair or fiberglass brush
Select color powder with best contrast
Magnetic Sensitive Powders
No bristles means less chance of destroying print
Useful on leather and rough plastics
______________________ Powders
Fluoresce under UV light
Useful on confusing or multi-colored backgrounds

41. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
Iodine Fuming
_______________________________________
Sublimation = physical change from the solid directly to the gaseous state
Suspect material is placed in an enclosed chamber filled with iodine vapors
Iodine vapors react with _____________________in print to form a ________________deposit
________________________
Photograph developed print
Fix developed print with 1% starch solution

42. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
Ninhydrin
Ninhydrin powder is mixed with acetone or ethanol to form a spray
Reacts with _____________________
present in perspiration to form a purple deposit known as ____________________________________
Prints can develop within 1-2 hours but can take up to 10 days
Development of prints is ________________________________
Very sensitive
Used to get prints off paper as old as 15 years b

43. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
Physical Developer
Silver-nitrate based liquid reagent
________________________________________________________________________________________
Reacts with sodium chloride in fingerprint residue to produces a dark grey deposit
Destroys _________________________________________________________________________________

44. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
Super Glue Fuming
Heating superglue forms _________________________________fumes
Suspect material is placed in an enclosed chamber filled with cyanoacrylate fumes
Fumes ________________________________________________________________________________________________
Developed prints may be dusted with powders

45. Methods of Detection Review
Powders
Iodine
Ninhydrine
Physical Developer
Super Glue
What Reacts With
Perspiration and oil
Fats
Amino Acids
Sodium Chloride
Surface
Nonporous
Porous
Porous and Nonporous
Notes
Not permanent
Very sensitive
Use Last OR Use if item was wet

46. Preservation of Developed Prints
Prints must be permanently preserved for:
future comparison
possible use in court as evidence
Steps to preservation
Photograph prints
Small objects: cover with cellophane
Large objects: lift prints with tape and secure to cardboard backing