1. Ch. 13 – Asian Empires - Qing, Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid

2. IV. Asian Empires A. Making China an Empire 1.Qing expansion in the West (1680–1760) * foreign: Manchu's from North * resented by ethnic Chinese * used Confucianism, Chinese model for bureaucracy 2.Colonial? * Expanded to incorporate Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongolia * built for security purposes, NOT economic goals/ settlement 3.Economic downturn in Central Asia * Silk roads become neglected due to rise in maritime trade

4. The Mughal Dynasty

7. Akbar - One of the greatest leaders - Building of military/administration systems - Patronized arts - Invented “universal” religion Din-i-Ilahi: to unite Hindu and Muslim - Social/Religious policies: 1. Reconciliation with Hindu princes 2. Encouraged intermarriage 3. Abolished jizya (head tax) 4. Allowed building of Hindu temples 5. Ordered respect for cows

9. The Mughal Dynasty Akbar Social/Religious reforms cont… - improve calendar - established living quarters for homeless - regulated consumption of alcohol - Encouraged widow remarriage - Discouraged child marriage - Banned sati

13. Taj Mahal Built by Shah Jahan Tomb for wife Mumtaz Mahl - died giving birth to 14 th child 1632-1653 - A symbol of his love - First massive use of white marble for entire building

14. The Taj

15. Struggle for Power Auran

17. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

18. The Ottoman Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans Social / Military Divans Heads of Individual Religious Millets Local Administrators & Military Landowners / Tax Collectors MuslimsJews Christians

19. Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451- 1481 (“The Conqueror”) -Captured Constantinople in 1453 -Extended the empire into Syria and Egypt, across North Africa -Developed into a naval power

20. The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople

21. “Golden Horn” – 15c map

22. “Golden Horn” from space

23. “Golden Horn”

24. Sunset on the “Golden Horn”

25. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

26. The End of the Byzantine Empire

27. Hagia Sophia

28. Hagia Sophia - interior

29. Warfare  Military played leading role  Economy geared toward war and expansion  Warrior aristocracy granted land and control over peasants  Janissaries  Troops  Conscripted through devshirme in the Balkans  Given expensive schooling and conversion to Islam  Became most powerful component of military = political power

30. Janissaries

31. Sultans and Court Life  Absolute monarchs  Elaborate court rituals  Administration carried out by viziers  Built mansion, rest houses, schools, hospitals, and gardens, religious buildings'….  Wrote in Persian and Arabic….Turkish by 17 th century

32. Faith Mosque

33. Suleiman the Magnificent: ( 1520-1566) Suleiman’s Signature

34. Blue Mosque

35. Blue Mosque - interior

36. Illuminated Qur’an Page

37. Qur’an Page: The Angel Gabriel Visits Muhammad

38. Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court

39. Decline of Empire -“Sick man of Europe” -Dynasty lasted for more than 600 years (most!) -Could not expand any more -Corruption among officials in administration = not effective any longer -Issues over successors -Kept like hostages -Produced less prepared/weak monarchs

40. Decline of Empire -17 th century: losses multiplied rapidly -End of dominance at sea -Battle at Lepanto 1571 (Spain/Venetian) -Lost control of eastern Mediterranean -Falling behind: -Little of what happened in Europe mattered -Intense conservationism of culture/way of life -Proved to be fatal

41. Battle of Lepanto (1571)

42. Safavid Empire (1501-1740) Empire of the Persians

43. Modern day Iran  Population = 68+ million people  51% Persian  89% Shi’a Muslim Predominant language = Farsi

44. Map of Safavid Empire Map of Safavid Empire

45. Shah Ismail established the Safavid Dynasty in 1501.  He declared Shi’a Islam the new religion (over Sunni Islam).  He invited all shi’a to move to Iran where they would be protected.

46. Chaldiran: The Sunni Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Selim) attacked the Safavid kingdom to stop the spread of Shiaism into Ottoman dominions in 1514. Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Sultan Selim I also took Ismā'il's favorite wife hostage, demanding huge concessions for her release. Ismā'il refused to cede to the Ottoman demands, and is said to have died of a broken heart in 1524 at the early age of thirty-six, never having seen his beloved spouse again.

47. Chaldiran’s Importance -Importance of muskets and field cannons -Defeat of Safavids by Ottomans -End of westward expansion -End of rapid spread of Shi’a Islam; stayed mostly in Persia

48. Abbas the Great -Educated and converted captured Russian youth to form military -Granted provincial governorships/high offices at court -Called on European assistance on wars with Ottomans -Wanted to establish empire as a major center of international trade and Islamic culture

49. State and Religion -Wrote in Turkish, gave way to Persian -Elaborate court rituals -Huge palace complexes -Shifts in religious impulses -Shi’a faith modified -Faith became major pillar of dynasty -Most of Iranian population was converted (Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, Sufi)

50. Affluence and Artistic Splendor -Encouraged trade outside of culture -Network of roads, rest houses built to protect merchants -Devoted special attention to capital: Isfahan -Great square -Mosques, Mosques, Mosques -Colleges -Public baths

51. Mahan Mosque, 1300’s

52. Chehel-sotoon palace, Isfahan. Iran. 1647

53. Masjed-e Sheikh Lotfallah, Isfahan, Iran. 1615

54. The Shah Mosque, Isfahan

55. Shah Abbas 1571-1629  Defeated Ottoman Turks 1603  Took Baghdad  Respected diplomat, Cruel warrior, tolerant to Christians…

56. Safavid Decline -Abbas I grandson placed on throne (weak) -Abbas II (r. 1642-1666) -Could not stop the fall of the empire -March 1722 -Afghani tribes laid siege to Isfahan -October Isfahan fell and ended Safavid power