2. Week Seven Agenda Announcements Link of the week Review week six lab assignment This week’s expected outcomes Next lab assignment Break-out problems Upcoming deadlines Review midterm exam Lab assistance, questions and answers

3. Link of the week http://www.kernel.org/ The Linux Kernel Archives web site http://www.kernelnewbies.org/ This web site is a community of people that want to improve or update their kernels. This site is referenced by experienced developers willing to share their knowledge with newcomers. Define: Kernel is the central component of most operating systems. The kernel is responsible for managing the system’s resources and the communications between hardware and software.

4. Link of the week http://www.answers.com/topic/bios What is BIOS? BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output System. It is the boot firmware program on a PC, and controls the computer from the time you start it up until the operating system takes over. When you turn on a PC, the BIOS first conducts a basic hardware check, called a Power-On Self Test (POST), to determine whether all of the attachments are present and working. Then it loads the operating system into your computer's random access memory, or RAM.

5. Link of the week http://www.answers.com/topic/collateralized-mortgage-obligation What is the CMOS Memory? CMOS stands for "Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor". The BIOS settings that you use to control how your PC works must be saved in non-volatile memory so that they are preserved even when the machine is off. This is as opposed to regular system memory, which is cleared each time you turn off the PC. A special type of memory is used to store this information, called CMOS memory, and a very small battery is used to trickle a small charge to it to make sure that the data it holds is always preserved. These memories are very small, typically 64 bytes, and the batteries that they use typically last for years. This non-volatile memory is sometimes called NVRAM.

6. Link of the week Define: Kernel space is space allocated specifically for the kernel. Users are not able to access this area. This area is generally larger than user space. The kernel is never swapped out to disk. Define: User space is space in memory where all user mode applications execute. Applications executing in this space are subject to being swapped out to disk. Define: monolithic kernel is where all code is executed in kernel addresses space to increase the performance of the system. Define: microkernel uses system calls to implement minimal OS services such as memory management, multitasking, and inter process communication.

7. Link of the week http://vista.intersystems.com/csp/docbook/DocBoo k.UI.Page.cls?KEY=GCI_unixparms#GCI_unixp arms_notes_hpux Calculating System Parameters for UNIX and Linux Configure Unix Kernel Parameters Swap space Number of global/routine buffers Number of users Number of inodes Maximum database size Number of semaphores

8. Review week six lab assignment makefile rule has the following format: target : prerequisites (dependencies) commands_1 commands_2 Target is typically the name of the file to be generated. A target may also be an action to be performed. Prerequisites are files that this target depends on. command_n are the SHELL commands necessary to produce the target (one command per line). Each line MUST be prefixed with a horizonal tab ( TAB key). Any other spacing will cause your script to fail.

9. Review week six lab assignment exec_Module : alert.o brave.o cool.o g++ -o exec_Module alert.o brave.o cool.o alert.o : prog.h alert.c g++ –c alert.c brave.o : prog.h brave.c g++ –c brave.c cool.o : cool.c g++ –c cool.c

10. Review week six lab assignment What is a dependency between source files? main.cpp  employee.cpp  address.cpp Some source files depend on other source files. What are the two parts of a dependency rule? 1) What files a file is dependent on 2) Rule that tells how to recompile the file What part of the dependency line is considered the target? What is considered the action line in a makefile script? We use the –c option on g++ to compile the source files to create object files. We use the –o option to create the executable program from the object files.

11. Review week six lab assignment Linker combines a number of object and archive files, relocates their data and ties up symbol references. Usually the last step in compiling a program is to run linker. Link object files into an executable whose name is “myProgram”.cpp is C++ source code file format g++ -o myProgram a.o b.o c.o Compile the C++ source code main.cpp g++ -c main.cpp

12. Review week six lab assignment Source(s) code  compiler  Object Module(s)  linker  Load Module  loader What are the differences between a makefile and a shell script? The rules in the makefile are executed based upon dependency, and not sequential order. The “make” utility performs a recursive decent through the target tree building the lowest level targets first. A target is rebuilt if any of its prerequisites have a newer time stamp than itself.

13. Review week six lab assignments prog a.o b.o c.o a.c prog.h b.c c.c c.y

14. Review week six lab assignments

15. Review week six lab assignment 1. touch everything - everything should build g++ -c main.cpp g++ -c employee.cpp g++ -c address.cpp g++ -o myProgram main.o employee.o address.o 2. touch nothing - nothing should build make: `myProgram' is up to date. 3. touch address.h - main and employee should build G++ -c main.cpp g++ -c employee.cpp g++ -o myProgram main.o employee.o address.o 4. touch main.cpp - only main.o should build g++ -c main.cpp g++ -o myProgram main.o employee.o address.o 5. touch employee.cpp - only employee.o should build g++ -c employee.cpp g++ -o myProgram main.o employee.o address.o 6. touch address.cpp - only address.o should build g++ -c address.cpp g++ -o myProgram main.o employee.o address.o

16. Review week six lab assignment Helpful Hint for Lab Assignment 6-2 myProgram: g++ -o main.o: g++ -c address.o: g++ -c employee.o: g++ -c

17. Review week six lab assignment Software Installation Installing through a software package Package manager The simple definition for Ant might state that Ant is a Java-based build tool. There is a number of steps required to transform the source into a deployable and useable software solution.

18. Review week six lab assignment Software Installation Installing through a software package Package manager RPM is a powerful and mature command- line driven package management system capable of installing, uninstalling, verifying, querying, and updating Unix software packages. Each software package consists of an archive of files along with information about the package like its version, a description, and the like. There is also a library API, permitting advanced developers to manage such transactions from programming languages such as C, Perl or Python.

19. Review week six lab assignment Software Installation Installing through a software package Manual make command makefile file configure file

20. Review week six lab assignment Package Install Instructions A package is used by the installer to correctly place all the binary and data files on a system. The installer records version numbers, file locations and check sums for verification, uninstalls and does version updates. By using the installer all other packages that a particular application depend on will be installed at the same time.

21. Review week six lab assignment The first thing to do is "bootstrap" the installer on your system. If you have a 32-bit system (most people do) then download the Bootstrap installer (x86) file. If you have a 64-bit system (AMD64, not IA64) then download the Bootstrap installer (AMD64) file. If you have a 32-bit or 64-bit Vista system then download the Bootstrap installer (Vista) file. The installer can be run by the Administrator or by a member of the Administrators group.Bootstrap installer (x86)Bootstrap installer (AMD64)Bootstrap installer (Vista)

22. Review week six lab assignment Doing an Installation To install a package use the pkg_update utility. For example, if you wish to install bash you will enter the following command: pkg_update -L bash This command will automatically download and install the most current bash package. If the package needs to have another package installed with it, that package will be downloaded and installed too. Pkg_update also takes care of which machine architecture you are using and what is the most current version of the software.

23. Review week six lab assignment What's Installed, Removing an Installation To display information about the current software packages installed on a system. Synopsis: pkg_info [options] [pkg-name] To remove a software package from a system. You do not need to know the version to delete a package. Synopsis: [kg_delete [options] [pkg-name] To install a software package on a system. Synopsis: pkg_add [options] [pkg- name]

24. Review week six lab assignment Package Licensing The licensing terms for each package can be easily viewed from the /Tools Warehouse web page before you decide to download by selecting the src directory. It is important for you to understand that there are many different licenses used. Our preference is to use Full Open License software such as BSD and MIT. There are many packages that are GPL or LGPL that may place restrictions on what you may do with a package's utilities and/or libraries.

25. Review week six lab assignment Installation Recommendations It is recommended that software packages be installed using the following command: pkg_update -L {pkg-name} This command provides to you the most trouble-free installation since so many packages are dependent on other packages. This command ensures that you get the most current release of a package and avoiding any unnecessary downloads. Regularly checking for updates is very important for bug and security fixes. Several times people have reported that they are having a problem with a package that they downloaded 30 to 40 days ago. During that time the problem has been fixed.

26. Review week six lab assignment Checking for updates for all installed packages is easily done using the command: pkg_update -La These installations and updates are done over the Internet and packages are not stored on your system -- this helps the system to keep more free disk space on a local system. Directory locations: /var/db/pkg/

27. Review week six lab assignment There are two ways to do an installation. You can choose the type of installation you want based on the type of installation you are going to perform. For the multiple versions of software and multiple hardware platforms. It is strongly recommend to use the pkg_update for single or multiple packages. Administrators will want to keep users using pkg_update. It is always recommended to install a package as: pkg_update -L {name} The software version number isn’t needed for this type of installation. The current version number will be discovered. The most recent/current version number will be used.

28. Review week six lab assignment Multiple Software Versions When a group of packages requires installation, you want to verify that all currently installed packages are up-to-date. To do an automated check for new packages then pkg_update is the tool for you to use. You may always refer to the pkg_update manual page for more information.

29. Review week six lab assignment Multiple Software Versions New users usually want to install a group of packages to match their profile. Currently three profiles exist: user, developer and administrator. their profiles may be added in the future based on /Tools member feedback. By using a profile, a large number of packages can be selected and installed at one time. You can do the installations easily as: user: pkg_update -A developer: pkg_update -D administrator: pkg_update -G

30. Review week six lab assignment pkg_add Install Caveat: The pkg_add utility is the "older" tool that should be used with care. The pkg_add command should be used when a specific package is to be installed (such as an older archived version for comparison). You may always refer to the pkg_add manual page for more information.

31. Review week six lab assignment Multiple Hardware Platforms Administrators of several machines want to control what software can be installed or updated. Administrators usually like to test and validate software (for a multitude of reasons that we won't cover here) before making this software available to their users. We understand the needs for this requirement and want to help.

32. Review week six lab assignment Multiple Hardware Platforms This control can be done setting these conditions: 1. Cache packages have to be validated on a local network drive. 2. Create your own "list" file in the cache directory with 'tags'. 3. Set the PKG_LOCATION and PKG_PATH environment variables to this network drive on each system for members of the administrators group. 4. Have members of the administrators group only use pkg_update for installations and updates.

33. Review week six lab assignment Problems, Bugs, Your Suggestions If you encounter a problem installing a package please check that you are installing the most recent version of the package. The installer itself receives regular updates too. So keeping the installer up-to- date will help too. The installer can update itself. We recommend that when a new version is announced you update to that version. You can safely update the installer by doing: pkg_update -L pkg If you already have the current version the installer will notice and leave things as they are.

34. Week seven expected outcomes Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: 1. Create makefile scripts for software programs. 2. Use pattern rules in make files. 3. Create an effective PowerPoint presentation. 4. Create make files with multiple targets. 5. Install software packages on a server.

35. Next lab assignment Define: Data structure is where information is stored/collected in one place. The stored information may or may not be related. Data structures are unique in their construction so as to deliver a specific usage. Commonly data structures are arrays, hash tables, stacks, and queues.

36. Next lab assignment inode ( index node) Every file is associated with one inode. An inode is a data structure on UNIX-like operating system that stores all the information about a file. An inode does not store the file name and its actual data. UNIX or Linux never stores file creation time. An inode is a unique number assigned to a file by the file system.

37. Next lab assignment The number of inodes is a kernel tunable parameter value. An inode can only hold a fixed number of direct data block addresses (10 for Linux). Large files use indirect block addresses.

38. Next lab assignment The inode data structure file mode – file permissions (rwx) count of hard links – how many hard links point to the inode file type – executable, block special owner id group id time of last file access - timestamp time of last file modification - timestamp file size - bytes file addresses – addresses of the blocks of storage containing the files data on a HDD

39. Next lab assignment Links can be viewed as entries in a directory that reference other files. In UNIX we can create two types of links: Physical (hard) links Symbolic (soft) links

40. Next lab assignment A Physical Link references the exact same file (inode) as the file entry itself. A file name in a directory can be viewed as a physical link and is no different than any other physical link. A directory is a list of physical links. Shell link command: ln test_file_1 test_file_hard_link ls –li (long listing with inodes) ls –i

41. Next lab assignment

43. A Symbolic Link references a “pointer file” which has its own inode The pointer file points to the directory entry that references the target file (inode) The inode for the symbolic link and the target are different.

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45. Inode 300 isn’t concerned about symbolic link 555 The symbolic link isn’t updated even if “your file” is deleted. Shell link command: ln –s test_file_1 test_file_symbolic_link

46. Next lab assignment Define: tar was originally designed for tape backups. Tar creates one large file called a heap that contains a collection of many files and directories. A tar file occupies a large amount of space for the files and directories, and a bit more. A tar file is not compressed. The extension for a tar file is.tar. Create a tar file tar –cf newpack.tar /export/home/dandrear Extract the contents from a tar file tar –xvf origpack.tar List the table of contents tar –tvf origpack.tar

47. Next lab assignment Define: gzip is a utility that compresses a tar file. The compressed file extension becomes tar.gz. Compress a tar file gzip filename.tar Decompress a compressed tar file gzip –d filename.tar.gz gunzip filename.tar.gz Define: bzip2 / bunzip2 Used to compress and decompress tar files. File extension.bz2. Compress a tar file bzip2 filename.tar Decompress a compressed bzip2 file bunzip2 –d filename.tar.bz2

48. Next lab assignment Demonstrate the execution of listdir.pl script # Case #1:./listdir.pl # Explanation: List current directory files in ascending order. # Case #2:./listdir.pl –l # Explanation: List current directory files with format File name, Size, User, and Group column headings. # Case #3:./listdir.pl -l -d /bin # Explanation: List /bin directory files with formatted column headings (File name, Size, User, and Group). # Case #4:./listdir.pl -d /bin # Explanation: List /bin directory files in ascending order.

49. Break-out problems inode System panic Semaphore Tunable UNIX Parameters Kernel space Call by value Call by reference Data structure Definition of a kernel User space

50. Upcoming deadlines Lab Assignment 6-1 is due June 23, 2013 Lab Assignment 5-1 is due June 16, 2013 Midterm exam will be administered from June 10 through 15, 2013. Midterm outline has been emailed to each student in this class. Good luck on the midterm exam

51. Lab assistance, questions and answers Questions Comments Concerns I am available after this Franklin Live session to discuss any problems and/or concerns regarding the lab assignments