1. Gods Concerned with Morality GodsStratifiedUnstratified Yes 242 No 8 12 ___________________ Chi Square = 14.609 P Value = 0.00013228

3. Requirements of Scientific Explanations 1. Major concepts must have empirical referents. 2.Specific phenomena under investigation and the relationships among them must be measurable. --operational definitions 3.Inferences and abstractions should be based on objective criteria and involve generally agreed-upon criteria. --intersubjectivity 4.The relationships among the various elements included in an analysis should be testable and refutable. --falsifiability

6. Assumptions  Propositions  Hypotheses  Conclusions Newtonvs. Einstein Special Creation vs. Evolution Hindu Theology vs. Irrigation Chagnonvs. Harris vs. Abruzzi

7. Incest all 1 st cousins FB S/D & MS S/D All 1 st cousins

8. Hill’s Criteria of Causation Temporal Relationship Strength Dose-Response Relationship Consistency Plausibility Consideration of Alternate Explanations Experiment Specificity Coherence

9. The Uniformitarian Principle

11. Marital structure Is it possible to generate a logically consistent etic explanation for why different forms of marriage are commonly practiced in various societies? Consider the following questions: 1. Under what conditions is polygyny more likely to be practiced? 2.Under what conditions is polyandry more likely to be practiced? 3.Under what conditions is monogamy more likely to be practiced? 4.Under what conditions is single-parenthood more likely to be practiced? * * * * * 5.What are the costs vs. benefits of having children in foraging societies? 6.What are the costs vs. benefits of having children in subsistence based horticultural and agricultural societies? 7.What are the costs vs. benefits of having children in urban industrial societies? 8.What are the costs vs. benefits of having children in post-industrial (hyperindustrial) societies?

12. "A concern with knowing the world, rather than advocating a view of the world because it confirms some political, ideological, or religious project, has always been fundamental to scientific philosophy.“ --Lawrence Kuznar (1997)

13. Cultural Materialism Terms and Concepts Infrastructural Determinism Infrastructure  Structure  Superstructure Mode of Production Domestic Economy Mode of Reproduction Political Economy * * ** * * * * * Material Conditions Organization Norms, Values Population/Resource Economic Beliefs, Science Cost/Benefit Family, Kinship Religion, Attitudes Ecology Social, Political Religious, Warfare Selection  Adaptation  Enculturation Life Support SystemsEmic vs. Etic Energy FlowRational Explanation Critical ResourcesPopulation vs. Culture Malthusian * Neo-Malthusian * Non-Malthusian Population  Productivity  Intensification