1. ACIDS AND BASES OPPOSITES ATTRACT – TO FORM WATER AND A SALT MULLANY CHEMISTRY

2. AGENDA WE ARE GOING TO LEARN PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES ACID AND BASE NOMENCLATURE WHAT IS AN ACID AND WHAT IS A BASE? WHAT IS ANOTHER WAY OF CLASSIFYING AN ACID AND A BASE? WHAT IS YET ANOTHER WAY OF CLASSIFYING AS AN ACID AND A BASE? WHAT IS pH, pOH AND HOW DO WE CALCULATE THEM? WHAT IS [H+] AND [OH-] ALL ABOUT AND HOW DO WE CALCULATE THEM? MULLANYCHEMISTRY

3. PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS HAVE A SOUR TASTE. DON’T TRY THIS YOURSELF OBVIOUSLY ACIDS CHANGE THE COLOR OF ACID-BASE INDICATORS SOME ACIDS REACT WITH ACTIVE METALS TO FORM H 2 GAS ACIDS REACT WITH BASES TO FORM WATER AND A SALT. A SALT – NOT ONLY TABLE SALT NaCl. Could be KI or Na 2 SO 4 ACIDS CONDUCT ELECTRIC CURRENT MULLANYCHEMISTRY

4. PROPERTIES OF BASES AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF BASES TASTE BITTER. NO – DON’T TASTE THEM BASES CHANGE THE COLOR OF ACID BASE INDICATORS DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF BASES ARE SLIPPERY BASES REACT WITH ACIDS TO PRODUCE WATER AND A SALT BASES CONDUCT ELECTRIC CURRENT MULLANYCHEMISTRY

5. NOMENCLATURE FOR BINARY ACIDS A BINARY ACID CONTAINS HYDROGEN AND 1 OTHER ELEMENT (THAT IS ELECTRONEGATIVE) I.E. HCl, HI, HBr, H 2 S BINARY ACIDS ARE NAMED BY HYDRO- PREFIX AND –IC SUFFIX HYDROCHLORIC ACID, HYDROBROMIC ACID, HYDROSULFURIC ACID MULLANYCHEMISTRY

6. NOMENCLATURE FOR OXYACIDS AN OXYACID IS AN ACID THAT CONTAINS HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, AND ONE OTHER ELEMENT THE FORMULA FOR THESE IS WRITTEN AS HYDROGEN PLUS A POLYATOMIC ION. NOTE – THE HYDROGEN IS BONDED TO THE OXYGEN SEE NEXT PAGE MULLANYCHEMISTRY

7. H 2 SO 4 MULLANYCHEMISTRY

8. NOMENCLATURE FOR OXYACIDS SEE NOTES HANDOUT FOR CHART OF NAMES OXYACIDS = H + PLUS OXYANION. (THE NEGATIVE SIDE) NOMENCLATURE RULES FOR OXYANIONS. 1. SINCE ALL HAVE H+ YOU DON’T NEED TO MENTION IT. 2. THE ACID NAME STEMS FROM THE OXYANION OR THE CENTRAL ELEMENT. 3. IF THE POLYATOMIC ION ENDED IN –ate, THEN CHANGE TO –ic 4. IF THE POLYATOMIC ION ENDED IN –ite, THEN CHANGE IT TO -ous MULLANYCHEMISTRY

9. OXYACIDS NOMENCLATURE EXAMPLES H 2 SO 4 SULFATE ION ATE  IC SULFURIC ACID HNO 2 NITRITE ION -ITE  -OUS NITROUS ACID MULLANYCHEMISTRY

10. MOST COMMON ACIDS SULFURIC ACID H 2 SO 4 PETROLEUM REFINERY, METALLURGY, FERTILIZERS NITRIC ACID HNO 3 EXPLOSIVES, FERTILIZER PHOSPHORIC ACID H 3 PO 4 FERTILIZERS AND ANIMAL FEED HYDROCHLORIC ACID (AKA MURIATIC ACID) HCL IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION, CLEANING, POOLS ACETIC ACID CH 3 COOH PLASTICS, FOOD SUPPLEMENTS, FUNGICIDE VINEGAR IS 4% OR 8% ACETIC ACID MULLANYCHEMISTRY

11. CLASSIFYING AS ACIDS THERE ARE 3 DIFFERENT METHODS OF CLASSIFYING COMPOUNDS AS ACIDS WE WILL LEARN 2 OF THEM. SOME COMPOUNDS ARE ACIDS ACCORDING TO ONE DEFINITION BUT NOT ACCORDING TO OTHER(S) MULLANYCHEMISTRY

12. ARRHENIUS ACIDS AND BASES SINCE ACIDS AND BASES CONDUCT ELECTRIC CURRENT, MR. ARRHENIUS THEORIZED THAT ACIDS PRODUCT IONS IN WATER. DEFINITION: AN ARRHENIUS ACID IS A CHEMICAL COMPOUND THAT INCREASES THE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN IONS (H + ) IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION DEFINITION: AN ARRHENIUS BASE IS A CHEMICAL COMPOUND THAT INCREASES THE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROXIDE IONS (OH - ) IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION. MULLANYCHEMISTRY

13. BUT FIRST – THE HYDRONIUM ION H+ IS TOO REACTIVE TO STAY ALONE FOR TOO LONG AND THERE’S ALL THIS WATER AROUND, SO… H + + H 2 O  H 3 O + YOU MAY SEE ACID/BASE REACTIONS WRITTEN BOTH WAYS MULLANYCHEMISTRY

14. ARRHENIUS ACIDS AND BASES HNO 3 (l)+ H 2 O (l)  H 3 O+ (aq) + NO 3 - (aq) HCl (g) + H 2 O (l)  H 3 O+ (aq) + Cl - (aq) NaOH (s) ----------------- > Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) KOH (s) ----------------- > K + (aq) + OH - (aq) MULLANYCHEMISTRY H2OH2O H2OH2O

15. STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES A STRONG ACID IONIZES COMPLETELY IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION HCl, H 2 SO 4 A WEAK ACID RELEASES FEW HYDROGEN IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CH 3 COOH, H 3 PO 4 A WEAK BASE RELEASES FEW HYDROXIDE (OH - ) IONS… MULLANYCHEMISTRY

16. BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES A BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY ACID IS A MOLECULE OR ION THAT IS A PROTON DONOR. A BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY BASE IS A MOLECULE OR ION THAT IS A PROTON ACCEPTOR. ALL ARRHENIUS ACIDS ARE ALSO BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY ACIDS, BUT NOT VICE VERSA. MULLANYCHEMISTRY

17. BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY EXAMPLE HCl + NH 3  NH 4 + + Cl - SEE HOW HCl TRANSFERS A PROTON TO NH + ? HCl IS B-L ACID, NH 3 IS B-L BASE. MULLANYCHEMISTRY

18. STUPID DETAIL FOR PEDANTS JUST IN CASE ITS ON THE FINAL OR YOU’RE EVER ON JEOPARDY TECHNICALLY SPEAKING, NaOH IS NOT A BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY BASE, HOWEVER, IT DISSOLVES IN WATER TO CREATE OH- IONS, WHICH ARE BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY BASES. SO YEAH, NaOH IS PRETTY MUCH A B-L BASE UNLESS YOU WANT TO GET REALLY SPECIFIC. MULLANYCHEMISTRY

19. MORE (OBVIOUS) DEFINITIONS MONOPROTIC ACID – AN ACID THAT CAN ONLY DONATE 1 PROTON. HCl POLYPROTIC ACID – AN ACID THAT CAN DONATE MORE THAN 1 PROTON. H 2 SO 4, AKA A DIPROTIC ACID H 3 PO 4 AKA A TRIPROTIC ACID MULLANYCHEMISTRY

20. NOTICE ARRHENIUS AND BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY ACIDS RELY ON HYDROGEN BEING TRANSFERRED. IT IS THE PROTON BEING TRANSFERRED IN BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY, AND IT CREATES THE HYDRONIUM ION WHICH DEFINES ARRHENIUS ACIDS. MULLANYCHEMISTRY

21. ACID-BASE REACTIONS MOVING FORWARD FROM BRØNSTEAD-LOWRY, SINCE THE ACID GIVES UP THE PROTON, WHAT REMAINS IS ABLE TO ACCEPT A PROTON, SO IT IS A BASE. THE SPECIES THAT IS LEFT AFTER A B-L ACID DONATES A PROTON IS KNOWN AS THE CONJUGATE BASE OF THAT ACID. HF(aq) + H 2 O(l)  F - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) MULLANYCHEMISTRY acid conjugate base

22. ACID-BASE REACTIONS THIS APPLIES TO BASES AS WELL. A BASE THAT ACCEPTS A PROTON IS NOW ABLE TO DONATE THAT PROTON PER ACIDS. THE SPECIES THAT IS LEFT AFTER A B-L BASE ACCEPTS A PROTON IS KNOWN AS THE CONJUGATE ACID OF THAT BASE. HF(aq) + H 2 O(l)  F - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) MULLANYCHEMISTRY baseconjugate acid

23. ACID/BASE AND CONJUGATES THE STRONGER THE ACID, THE WEAKER ITS CONJUGATE BASE WILL BE. (AND VICE VERSA) THE STRONGER THE BASE, THE WEAKER ITS CONJUGATE ACID. (AND VICE VERSA) MULLANYCHEMISTRY

24. ACID BASE REACTIONS PROTON-TRANSFER REACTIONS FAVOR THE CREATION OF WEAKER ACIDS AND WEAKER BASES. HClO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) ClO 4 - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) CH 3 COOH(aq) + H 2 O(l) CH 3 COO - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) THE STRONGER ACID WILL “WIN THE BATTLE” IN DONATING PROTONS. MULLANYCHEMISTRY Stronger baseStronger acidWeaker acidWeaker base Weaker acidWeaker baseStronger baseStronger acid

25. WHAT MAKES AN ACID STRONG? THE STRENGTH OF AN ACID IS DUE TO HOW MUCH IT IONIZES. HOW MANY H + DOES IT PRODUCE TO CREATE H 3 O + ? STRONG ACIDS IONIZE 100%. WEAKER ACIDS, LESS THAN 100% MULLANYCHEMISTRY

26. AMPHOTERIC COMPOUNDS AMPHOTERIC COMPOUNDS CAN ACT AS EITHER AN ACID OR A BASE WATER IS AMPHOTERIC H 2 SO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) HSO 4 - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) NH 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) MULLANYCHEMISTRY base acid

27. POLYPROTIC ACIDS FORM AMPHOTERIC COMPOUNDS START WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID, H 3 PO 4. CREATES H 2 PO 4 - WHICH CAN FORM EITHER HPO 4 2- OR REVERT BACK TO H 3 PO 4 HPO 4 2- CAN FORM PO 4 3- OR REVERT BACK TO H 2 PO 4 - MULLANYCHEMISTRY

28. NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS A STRONG ACID AND STRONG BASE NEUTRALIZE EACH OTHER TO FORM WATER AND A SALT. A SALT, NOT THE SALT, NaCl ACID + BASE  WATER + SALT A SALT IS AN IONIC COMPOUND MADE FROM CATION FROM THE BASE AND ANION FROM THE ACID. MULLANYCHEMISTRY

29. NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS NEUTRALIZATION IS THE REACTION OF HYDRONIUM IONS AND HYDROXIDE IONS TO FORM WATER. HCl (aq) + H 2 O(l)  Cl - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) NaOH  Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) THEREFORE Cl - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) + Na + (aq) + OH - (aq)  H 2 O(l) + NaCl (aq) MULLANYCHEMISTRY

30. YOU MAY HAVE HEARD OF ACID RAIN… SO2 IS PRODUCED FROM BURNING OIL OR COAL SO2 REACTS WITH AIR TO FORM SO3 ADD RAINCLOUD… SO 3 (g) + H 2 0 (l)  H 2 SO 4 (aq) Due to regulations in 1990, acid rain has been reduced, but not eliminated. MULLANYCHEMISTRY