1. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. SECTION 15 Biomechanical Principles and Applications

2. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Presentation Outline ► Sir Isaac Newton’s Three Laws of Motion ► Types of Motion ► Key terms in biomechanics ► Definition of biomechanics and biomechanical principles

3. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion” ► 1. The Law of Inertia ► 2. The Law of Acceleration ► 3. The Law of Reaction

4. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion” ► 1. The Law of Inertia ► An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion (unless an external force is applied eg. friction or gravity).

5. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion” ► 2. The Law of Acceleration ► A force applied to a body causes an acceleration proportional to the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the body’s mass. ► F = MA

6. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion” ► 2. The Law of Acceleration

7. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Isaac Newton’s “3 Laws of Motion” ► 3. The Law of Reaction ► For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

8. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Types of Motion ► It is important to distinguish between two types of motion: ► Linear (or Translational) Motion  Movement in particular direction. Example: a sprinter accelerating down the track. ► Rotational Motion  Movement about an axis. The force does not act through the centre of mass, but rather is “off- centre,” and this results in rotation. Example: ice- skater’s spin.

9. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Rotational Motion (Angular) ► Most human movements are rotational ie they take place around an axis.

10. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Rotational Motion (Angular) ► Most human movements are rotational ie they take place around an axis.

11. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Rotational Motion (Angular) ► When we impart spin on a ball, it’s due to a force applied away from the Centre of Mass (CofM). ► What kind of pitch occurs if the force is applied through the ball’s CofM?

12. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Centre of Mass (Gravity) ► The point on an object where it’s mass is most concentrated. (the point where that body would balance on a very small base)

13. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Centre of Mass (Gravity) ► Important concept when stability is important ► If a force is applied through the CofM, linear motion results ► If a force is applied at a distance to the CofM, Rotation or Angular motion occurs.

14. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis ► The Coaching Association of Canada’s National Coaching Certification Program (NCCP) Level 2 Theory course sets forward seven principles that can be grouped into four broad categories:  (1) stability,  (2) maximum effort,  (3) linear motion, and  (4) angular motion.

15. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis ► STABILITY  Principle 1: The lower the centre of mass, the larger the base of support, the closer the centre of mass to the base of support, and the greater the mass, the more stability increases.  Four subcomponents  Example: Sumo wrestling

16. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Stability ► Often the Low man wins in football

17. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Stability ► Is this a stable position? Why or why not?

18. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Stability Which position is more stable? Why?

19. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Unstable Balance ► Sometimes athletes need to be balanced but ready to move quickly ie unstable ► Eg. Sprint start, receiving serve in tennis, swim start

20. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Unstable Balance ► What makes This unstable?

21. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis ► MAXIMUM EFFORT  Principle 2: The production of maximum force requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the task’s objective.  Examples: golf, bench press, sprint start sprint startsprint start 

22. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. REVIEW ► Name Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion!

23. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis ► MAXIMUM VELOCITY  Principle 3: The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from largest to smallest.  Examples: hockey slapshot, hitting a golf ball

24. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis ► LINEAR MOTION  Principle 4: The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity.  Range of Motion (ROM) important  Example: spiking a volleyball

25. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis ► LINEAR MOTION  Principle 5: Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force.  Examples: basketball, kicking

26. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis ► ANGULAR MOTION  Principle 6: Angular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from an axis, that is, by torque.  Principle is also known as the principle of the production of angular motion  Example: diving

27. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Examples of Rotation Principles ► Diving ► After leaving the high diving board, the diver curls tightly and then opens up just before entering the water. By opening up before entry, the diver increases the moment of inertia, thereby slowing down the angular velocity.

28. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Examples of Rotation Principles ► Ice-Skating ► The ice-skater begins to spin with arms spread apart then suddenly brings them closer to the body. The end result of tightening up is that the skater’s spin (angular velocity) increases, seemingly miraculously.

29. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Examples of Rotation Principles ► Gymnastics ► By opening up, the gymnast increases the moment of inertia (radius of rotation), thereby resulting in a decrease in angular velocity.

30. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis ► ANGULAR MOMENTUM  Principle 7: Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air.  This principle is also known as the principle of conservation of angular momentum, and its key component is the fact that, once an athlete is airborne, he or she will travel with constant angular momentum.  Example: Diver, gymnast,

31. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Momentum ► This is evident in figure skating on ice which has very low friction. Angular momentum = radius of rotation x rotational velocity

32. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Momentum ► Angular momentum = radius of rotation x angular speed ► If the skater increases her radius then her angular speed will decrease to keep momentum conserved.

33. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy ► The conservation of energy principle states that energy can never be created or destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another.

34. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 5 Phases of a Sport Skill  Used to bring a skill down into smaller parts  Helps coaches to detect and correct errors  Key Points are “look fors” that coaches use to produce ideal mechanics/performanc

35. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Five Phases  Preliminary Movements ► Backswing/Recovery ► Force Producing Movements ► Critical Instant ► Follow-Through

36. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 5 Phases of a Sport Skill Preliminary Movements Key Points ► Pick a Target ► Open stance ► Hold Ball with Opposite Hand ► Hold the Ball at Waist Height ► Eye on the Ball

37. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 5 Phases of a Sport Skill (Soccer Punt) Preliminary Movements Key Points ► Pick a Target ► Open stance ► Hold Ball with Opposite Hand ► Hold the Ball at Waist Height ► Eye on the Ball

38. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 5 Phases of a Sport Skill Backswing/Recovery Key Points Key Points ► Eye on the ball ► Maintain good posture ► Large last step ► Ankle locked

39. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 5 Phases of a Sport Skill Force Producing Movements Key Points ► Eye on the ball ► Maintain good posture ► Largest muscles to the smallest ► Use arm for balance ► Open the hips up

40. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 5 Phases of a Sport Skill Critical Instant Key Points ► Eye on the ball ► Contact with hardest part of the foot ► Lock your kicking foot upwards ► Let ball fall below knee height ► Lock your leg

41. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 5 Phases of a Sport Skill Follow-Through Key Points ► Be smooth and fluid ► Foot carries on towards target ► Eyes follow ball to target

42. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 5 Phases of a Sport Skill

43. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Phases of a Skill 1. Preliminary movements 2. Backswing3. Force producing movements 4. Critical Instant 5. Follow through

44. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. 5 Phases of a Sport Skill ► Badminton Smash – slow motion Badminton Smash Badminton Smash ► Badminton Smash Badminton Smash Badminton Smash

45. © Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc., 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. ► That’s It!