1. AP Psychology Unit 10: Personality © 2010 by Worth Publishers David G. Myers

2. Figure 10.1 Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure Psychologists have used an iceberg image to illustrate Freud’s idea that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface. Note that the id is totally unconscious, but ego and superego operate both consciously and unconsciously. Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg, however, the id, ego, and superego interact. © 2010 by Worth Publishers

3. Figure 10.2 The TAT This clinician presumes that the hopes, fears, and interests expressed in this boy’s descriptions of a series of ambiguous pictures in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are projections of his inner feelings. © 2010 by Worth Publishers

4. Figure 10.3 The Rorschach test In this projective test, people tell what they see in a series of symmetrical inkblots. Some who use this test are confident that the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli will reveal unconscious aspects of the test-taker’s personality. Others use it as an icebreaker or to supplement other information. © 2010 by Worth Publishers

5. Figure 10.4 Two personality dimensions Mapmakers can tell us a lot by using two axes (north- south and east-west). Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck used two primary personality factors— extraversion–introversion and stability–instability—as axes for describing personality variation. Varying combinations define other, more specific traits. From Eysenck & Eysenck, 1963 © 2010 by Worth Publishers

6. Figure 10.5 Personality stability With age, personality traits become more stable, as reflected in the correlation of trait scores with follow-up scores seven years later. Data from Roberts & DelVecchio, 2000 © 2010 by Worth Publishers

7. Figure 10.6 Reciprocal determinism The social-cognitive perspective proposes that our personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits (including our thoughts and feelings), our environment, and our behaviors. © 2010 by Worth Publishers

8. Figure 10.7 The biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality As with other psychological phenomena, personality is fruitfully studied at multiple levels. © 2010 by Worth Publishers

9. Figure 10.8 Learned helplessness When animals and people experience no control over repeated bad events, they often learn helplessness. © 2010 by Worth Publishers